<p>2. 航海之目的為何？</p>

1. 克漏字出題(15%) 閱讀下文，摘要改寫成符合高三學生程度的英文文章，文長 200-250 字(10%)；再根據摘要設計符合學測程度的克漏字測驗，共 5 小題，每題 4 個選項，需附正確答案(5%)。 Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who is known as a pioneer in the experimental study of memory. Curious about why we forget things and how to prevent it, he decided to run a study on himself. From 1880 to 1885, Ebbinghaus tried to commit words to memory, and repeatedly tested himself after various time periods, and recorded the results. The words were nonsense combinations of syllables, following a Consonant–Vowel–Consonant pattern. He then plotted the results he obtained on a graph. This graph is now known as the forgetting curve, which illustrates how information we learn is lost over time when we make no attempt to retain it. The forgetting curve suggests that we tend to halve our memory of new knowledge in a matter of days or weeks, unless we make a conscious effort to review the newly learned material. Most people have a high forgetting rate. The good news is, Ebbinghaus also explored some ways to reduce that rate so your forgetting curve is not so steep. 1. Build meaningful memories. The better you understand the information you want to remember, the easier it will be to recall that information. Ebbinghaus suggests fostering better memory representation by using mnemonic techniques, which are structured strategies to better memorize and remember things. One common example would be people remember colors in the rainbow using the acronym “ROY G BIV.” 2. Use spaced repetition. Ebbinghaus found that repetition based on active recall, and especially spaced repetition, was practically helpful in reducing his forgetting rate. This is because of the spacing effect, which shows that much more information is encoded into your long-term memory—and better—when you avoid cramming everything you want to learn in one study session (which researchers call “mass practice”), and use spaced study sessions instead. The spacing effect has been extensively studied and is one of the few evidence-based learning strategies you can confidently rely on. 3. Practice overlearning. Lastly, Ebbinghaus defined overlearning as the number of repetitions of information after which it can be recalled with perfect accuracy. Overlearning consists in reviewing newly acquired knowledge beyond the initial point of mastery. In a 1992 meta-analysis, researchers found that overlearning may indeed significantly affect recall over 6 time. However, recent research suggests that the effects of overlearning tend to not last very long, so take this one with a grain of salt. Keep in mind that Ebbinghaus’s sample size was just himself and he used a very specific type of content to remember. Many differences in context, content, and individual abilities will impact the way we learn and remember. The forgetting curve should not be interpreted as a general graph that can be applied to everyone. Rather, it is an illustration of how we tend to rapidly forget the information we study if we don’t use it nor make any attempt to retain it. There is no magic bullet to easily recall everything you learn about. Knowledge needs to be understood, then regularly used in order for you to remember it. This requires a conscious effort and a higher time commitment than just consuming content without any attempt to retain it. As such, be selective with what you want to remember, and make it as simple as possible by using the right

2. 航海之目的為何？

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