2. 若古典學派中，某經濟體系之總合需求 (AD) 為：$Y = 400 + 50(M/P)$，總合供給 (AS) 為 $Y = 1000$。這個經濟體系只生產酒，其產出 $Y$ 以酒作為衡量單位，其貨幣為法郎，$M$ 代表本國的貨幣供給量，$P$ 則為本國的物價水準。其與一個只生產起司且貨幣為克朗的國家進行貿易，實質匯率 $q$ 為每瓶酒等於 5 個橛形起司。外國物價水準是每個橛形起司 20 克朗，而本國貨幣供給為 48 法郎。
(a) 請問本國物價水準 $P$ 為何？(名目) 名目匯率 $e$ 為多少？ (6 分)

(b) 假設本國將匯率固定在每法郎兌換 50 克朗的水準上。本國通貨的價值是否有高估或低估的情況出現？若將匯率維持在每法郎兌換 50 克朗的水準上，此對中央銀行官方準備資產的存量會造成何種影響？ (8 分)

(c) 假設本國欲使匯率基本價值等於每法郎兌換 50 克朗。請問滿足此目標之本國貨幣供給水準為多少？ (6 分)

三、簡答題(共 50 分，中、英文作答皆可) 1. Suppose that Taipei consumers pay twice as much for avocados as for tangerines, whereas Kaohsiung consumers pay half as much for avocados as for tangerines. Assuming that consumers maximize their utility, which city's consumers have a higher marginal rate of substitution of avocados for tangerines? Explain your answer. (4 pts)

2. Suppose a monopolist faces the following demand curve: $$Q = 40 - P$$ And that its total costs are $$TC(Q) = 200 + 10Q + \frac{1}{2}Q^2$$ (a) Solve for the profit maximizing price and quantity for the monopolist. What will be this monopolist's profit? (6 pts)

(b) What will be the consumer surplus in this monopoly market? What will be the producer's surplus for the monopolist? (6 pts)

(c) Suppose now there are multiple firms with the same cost function entering the market. Solve for the competitive equilibrium price and quantity, and the deadweight loss created by the monopolist. (7 pts)

3. The following diagram illustrates a competitive firm's cost curves. MC, ATC, and AVC represent the firm's marginal costs, average total costs, and average variable costs respectively. P denotes the market price and q denotes the quantity of the good. (a) Replicate the graph in your answer sheet. Then in your graph identify (i) the profit or loss for this competitive firm and (ii) the total variable cost and (iii) total fixed costs for this firm. (6 pts)

(b) Should this firm stay open in the short-run? How about in the long-run? Explain your answer. (4 pts)

(c) What will be the long-run economic profits for the firms staying in the competitive market? How will the market supply and demand move to the long-run equilibrium? In your explanation, describe how the market price will change during the process. (5 pts)

4. Consumer Preference Suppose the above indifference map represents Dr. Bishop's preference between puddings and pancakes. (a) Explain why \(\mathrm{IC}_5\) is not a valid indifference curve in this indifference map. (2 pts)

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