2. 除了檢查以外，F 也想知道憂鬱症的成因，網路上的資訊很多，例如 Endocrine 的角 度認為他們 corticotropin-releasing hormone 升高。就變態心理學的知識，有哪些觀 點，這些觀點怎麼說明憂鬱症的病理機制，請詳述。

1. _____(1)____ is a psychological intervention that mainly uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve specific behaviors.

2. _____(2)____ is an umbrella category that covers a group of mental disturbances in which a person intentionally fakes physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the role of the patient without clear benefits.

3. A person who does not talk to anyone, and appears indifferent to other people. It is clear that he neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others. He does not act in any obviously unusual ways, nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world. This behavioral pattern appears to be typical to _____(3)____.

4. A person who drinks too much alcohol may be able to perform complicated tasks, such as dancing, carrying on a conversation or even driving a car, but later have no memory of those escapades. These periods of amnesia, commonly known as “blackouts.” Neuroscientists have identified the brain cells involved in blackouts. The mechanism involves NMDA receptors that transmit _____(4)____, which is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters.

5. Jo has been ordered to attend counseling because she assaulted one of her husband’s female coworkers. At the first session, she appeared highly guarded and refused to answer many of the questions posed to her. Eventually the therapist determined that Jo believed her husband was having an affair with the woman she attacked. Her husband has denied the affair and he, along with several other people, has repeatedly told Jo that the coworker is happily involved in a long-term relationship with her female partner. In the end, Jo angrily stomped out of the therapy session because she became convinced that the therapist was also attracted to her husband and was “just looking for dirt on her.” The behavioral pattern of Jo appears to be typical to _____(5)____.

6. Among diagnoses of mood disorders, compared to an individual with persistent depressive disorder, it would be accurate to say that an individual with _____(6)____ probably would be considered "moody."

7. Children who may have been diagnosed with Bipolar I or II Disorder in the past are now typically diagnosed with _____(7)____ in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.

8.

9.

10.

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