申論題

III. Blank Filling 
      To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and    21    the domain of higher education from the mid 1860's to the mid-1880's, three primary causes interacted the emergence of a half dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, a(n)   22   for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that   23   all conservative opposition. The aggressive Young Yale movement appeared,    24    partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College    25    rallied to relieve the college’s poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty.
      The old-style classical education    26   its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr.Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty - five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the   27   forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevation and   28   of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the   29   of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves   30   as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up-science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law.

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