3. Why does liver damage cause jaundice? (5%)

Part II Short Answer and Essay Questions (total 25%): 1. What is the effect (decrease, increase or no effect) of increased concentration of ATP on the rate of glycolysis and which enzymes are involved in such regulatory effect? (6%)

2. High levels of cholesterol in the blood is positively correlated with the incidence of atherosclerosis. The ratio of LDL: HDL is a better indicator of coronary artery obstruction, Why? (6%)

4. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II required transcription factors for transcription. Which transcription factor can recognize a common promoter (TATA box)? Which transcription factor is responsible for phosphorylation on C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and what is the physiological meaning for such phosphorylation? (8%)

5. The transformation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is a major energy production process. Pleases fill the blanks in the summary table of cell respiration below.

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited, hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe the function of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

(2) In addition, please draw the amino acid and describe the characteristics of the amino acid residue.

3. (1) Which amino acid residue is often found in the active sites of enzymes?

2. What is the "specific activity" of the enzyme? Please describe it.

(3) In addition, antibodies have various applications. Please list and describe two techniques using antibodies.

(2) What kind of the reagent can break the disulfide bond?

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