4. 請說明 SET(Secure Electronic Transaction)與 SSL (Secure Socket Layer)兩種安全機制的最大差異在何處？

5. 何謂雲端運算？其中的雲端代表什麼？

6. 試比較電子商務中 B2B、B2C、C2B、C2C 之異同。試論述目前的社群網站 FB，是屬於哪一類的應用。

(a) ([10%]) Find the curvature of where x is the curvature and n is the unit normal vector on y and

(b) ([10%])be a family of plane curves defined by where.Show that Ir intersects at exactly one point for each  and the angle between the tangent vectors of  andΓT at the intersection point is independent of T.

(2) ([25%]) Prove that if a regular surface in R3 contains a straight line, then the surface has non-positive Gauss curvature at all the points of this line.

(3) ([30%]) Consider a regular surface S where and the inversion Φ :R3＼  given by Compare the mean curvature and the Gauss urvatures of S and of the image surface S' = Φ(S). More precisely, show that and where N(p) is the unit normal of S at p, H'(Φ(p) is the mean curvature of s' at Φ(p), K'(Φ(p) is the Gauss curvature of S' at Φ(p).

(4) ([25%]) Prove that if S is a regular surface that is diffeomorphic to a cylinder and has Gaussian curvature K< O, then S has at most one simple closed geodesic (up to reparametrization).

一、組織結構的設計會受到哪些情境變數的影響？請解釋其內涵，並且舉例說明。

二、請比較企業倫理的四種觀點。你覺得管理者最常採取哪一種？為甚麼？

三、閱讀下文，作者闡述有關影響行銷標準化決策的因素是甚麼？請說明。此外，提出你的評論。       The three market conditions that influence the standardization decision are cultural differences,economic differences, and differences in customer perceptions in foreign markets.      Culture influences every aspect of marketing. The products people buy, the attributes they value, and the principals whose opinions they accept are all culture-based choices. For example, different levels of awareness, knowledge, familiarity, and affect with people, products in general, and specific brands may result in differential attitudes toward similar products. Cultural differences influence consumer acculturation which, in turn, affects acceptance of standardized products. Hence, where a product is culturally compatible with the society, it is likely to be more suitable for standardization.      Poor economic means may prevent masses in LDCs from buying the variety of products that U.S.consumers consider essential. To bring such products as automobiles and appliances within the reach of the middle class in developing countries, for example, the products must be appropriately modified to cut cost without reducing functional quality. Finally, the decision on product standardization should be based on the psychological meaning of the product in different markets. Foreign products in many cultures are perceived as high quality products. In such cases, standardization would be desirable. In contrast, if the image of a country’s products is weak, it would be strategically desirable to adapt a product so that it could be promoted as different from, rather than typical of, that country’s products.                                                                                     （source: Subhash C. Jain, Journal of Marketing）

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