4. Positive-inside rule is used to facilitate the determination of membrane protein's orientation. (A) Please explain what the positive-inside rule is? (B) What feature of the plasma membrane leads to this rule?

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe andGregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited,hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe thefunction of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

4. Positive-inside rule is used to facilitate the determination of membrane protein's orientation. (A) Please explain what the positive-inside rule is? (B) What feature of the plasma membrane leads to this rule?

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