5. Authentication is useful for proving that a message has not been modified during transmission. The message-authentication code and the digital-signature algorithm are two popular authentication solutions. Please explain how they operate.

6. In a local-area network, sites may want to transmit data over a link simultaneously. If nothing is done, this will cause serious collision. CSMA/CD and token passing are two popular techniques developed to avoid the aforementioned collision. Please explain how CSMA/CD and token passing operate.

5. Authentication is useful for proving that a message has not been modified during transmission. The message-authentication code and the digital-signature algorithm are two popular authentication solutions. Please explain how they operate.

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