題組內容
以下是這篇論文的第一段，請根據這邊的內容回答以下四題 (4, 5, 6, 7 題) :
Suggestions can dramatically alter how individuals process perceptual information (e.g.,
Lifshitz, Aubert Bonn, Fischer, Kashem, & Raz, 2013), including the suppression of visual
inputs (Schmidt, Hecht, Naumann, & Miltner, 2017). Conversely, evidence remains
ambiguous as to whether suggestions can reliably infuse novel information into the
perceptual stream. This ambiguity contrasts with prominent theories that emphasize the
ability of hypnosis to generate perceptual experiences and hallucinations (e.g., Kirsch &
Braffman, 2001； Martin & Pacherie, 2019； Spiegel, 2003). Findings that support such
viewpoints have often come with serious limitations, however, such as reliance on
self-reports that are prone to bias and demand characteristics (e.g., Kirsch et al., 2008),
reverse inferences from brain imaging (e.g., McGeown et al., 2012), small sample sizes, and
anecdotal case-study designs (e.g., Kallio & Koivisto, 2013). Further highlighting these
limitations, recent findings have intimated that suggestions induce a response bias for
hallucination-prone individuals in noisy perceptual contexts (Alganami, Varese, Wagstaff, &
Bentall, 2017). Accordingly, positive hallucinations may correspond to a reinterpretation of
the sensory experience rather than to genuine changes in the perceptual content. Research
into consciousness deals with a similar conundrum: Reports of awareness may sometimes
follow from a response bias (Peters, Lau, & Ro, 2016). Some researchers have attempted to
address this particular issue in the context of hypnotic hallucinations by inducing
synesthesia-like experiences through posthypnotic suggestions and then validating the effect
with a challenging perceptual task (Anderson, Seth, Dienes, & Ward, 2014； Cohen Kadosh,
Henik, Catena, Walsh, & Fuentes, 2009； Kallio, Koivisto, & Kaakinen, 2017)—so far,
however, with mixed results (Schwartzman, Bor, Rothen, & Seth, 2019)
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