申論題

7. Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Please explain: (1) the effector activities of neutralizing antibodies; (2) why a booster dose is needed for non-infectious vaccines (e.g. inactivated whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, mRNA vaccines, etc.) (6分)