C. Composition:(25 points)
 Please write a short essay explaining whether studying history can (or cannot) help us understand the present.

(2) Can Firm A deter the entry of its rival, Firm B? If yes, how?

Question 1: What is Bossler's response to the hypothesis posted by Hymes and Hartwell?

Question 2: What is the major point Hymes made in his revisions on his and Hartwell's original idea of "localist shift"?

B. Translation: (30 points) Please translation the following passage by Xiaoqiao Ling (Feeling the Past in Seventeenth-Century China, pp.1-2) into Chinese. "This book studies the immediate responses of literary men to the Manchu conquest of China (1640s- 1680s), as well as their later contemplations of that era through the act of writing. The Manchu conquest created an unprecedented rupture in Chinese cultural life, marked particularly by the Qing court's implementation of a haircutting policy(tifa ling 薙髮令)that mandated that non-clerical male subjects shave their foreheads and plait their hair according to the Manchu custom.2  Many scholar officials (shi 士), especially those in the Jiangnan area who thought they resided at the very center of cultural refinement, found themselves adrift when they saw the socio-political order crumbling, leading to the loss of 'This Culture of Ours' (siwen斯文)”

一、有關「鄉土文學」的觀念及內涵的討論,在台灣文學史上計有 1930和190年代兩次重要的文學論戰。請簡要說明這兩次鄉土文學論戰發生的背景、重要議題及其理論主張,並分析其對台灣文學發展的意義與影響.

二、因應現当代各種思潮與文化脈络,戰後迄今的台灣文學場域不僅呈現了小說跨世紀的繁華,也開啟了豐碩而多元的學術研究風貌例如「後殖民主義」(Postcolonialism)和「後現代主義」 (Postmodernism)這兩種文藝思潮的深遠影響。請簡要說明這 兩種理論所涉及文化思想、文學主题與美學手法的要點,並分析其對台灣文學發展的意義與作用.

三、解嚴以來的台灣文學呈現出多重奏交響現象,書寫類型與關懷議題極其多元,包括:國族想像、族群身分、同志書寫、歷史記憶自然生態、地誌空間、女性意識等等。請試舉其中兩種書寫類別, 並各以一部作品為例(文類不限),說明並分析其書寫意識、主題內涵及其作品風格.

四、下列是台灣文學史上重要的文學家,請闡述其所屬時代脈絡、 作品意旨及重要性(六選二作答): 1.楊逵2.吳濁流3.張貴興4.楊牧5.七等生6.黄凡

二.問答題 1.請概述目前疫情對臺灣與美國的情況,並依據模型說明疫情對臺灣產出以及股票大盤指數的影響效果,陳述你的論點。

2.下圖為美的經濟政策不確定性指標·依據下圖的情况,嘗試以總體模 型說明對美國以及臺灣的消費以及失業的影響。