6. Read the following article published on NPR on May 11, 2024, and write a response essay.
Your response essay should contain a single paragraph summarizing the article (around
80-100 words) and multiple paragraphs of your response to the article (around 400 words).
(summary 10%; response 15%)
Why writing by hand beats typing for thinking and learning If you're like many digitally savvy Americans, it has likely been a while since you've
spent much time writing by hand.
The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming
a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world, where text messages and thumb-typed
grocery lists have replaced handwritten letters and sticky notes. Electronic keyboards offer
obvious efficiency benefits that have undoubtedly boosted our productivity — imagine having
to write all your emails longhand.
To keep up, many schools are introducing computers as early as preschool, meaning some
kids may learn the basics of typing before writing by hand.
But giving up this slower, more tactile way of expressing ourselves may come at a
significant cost, according to a growing body of research that’s uncovering the surprising
cognitive benefits of taking pen to paper, or even stylus to iPad — for both children and adults.
In kids, studies show that tracing out ABCs, as opposed to typing them, leads to better and
longer-lasting recognition and understanding of letters. Writing by hand also improves memory
and recall of words, laying down the foundations of literacy and learning. In adults, taking
notes by hand during a lecture, instead of typing, can lead to better conceptual
understanding of material.
“There’s actually some very important things going on during the embodied experience of
writing by hand,” says Ramesh Balasubramaniam, a neuroscientist at the University of
California, Merced. “It has important cognitive benefits.”
While those benefits have long been recognized by some (for instance, many authors,
including Jennifer Egan and Neil Gaiman, draft their stories by hand to stoke creativity),
scientists have only recently started investigating why writing by hand has these effects.
A slew of recent brain imaging research suggests handwriting’s power stems from the
relative complexity of the process and how it forces different brain systems to work together to
reproduce the shapes of letters in our heads onto the page.
Your brain on handwriting
Both handwriting and typing involve moving our hands and fingers to create words on a
page.But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination between the
motor and visual systems. This seems to more deeply engage the brain in ways that support
learning.
“Handwriting is probably among the most complex motor skills that the brain is capable
of,” says Marieke Longcamp, a cognitive neuroscientist at Aix-Marseille Université.
Gripping a pen nimbly enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to
continuously monitor the pressure that each finger exerts on the pen. Then, your motor system
has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the
page.
“Your fingers have to each do something different to produce a recognizable letter,”
says Sophia Vinci-Booher, an educational neuroscientist at Vanderbilt University. Adding to
the complexity, your visual system must continuously process that letter as it’s formed. With
each stroke, your brain compares the unfolding script with mental models of the letters and
words, making adjustments to fingers in real time to create the letters’ shapes, says VinciBooher.
That’s not true for typing.
To type “tap” your fingers don’t have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make
three relatively simple and uniform movements. In comparison, it takes a lot more brainpower,
as well as cross-talk between brain areas, to write than type.
Recent brain imaging studies bolster this idea. A study published in January found that
when students write by hand, brain areas involved in motor and visual information processing
“sync up” with areas crucial to memory formation, firing at frequencies associated with
learning.
“We don't see that [synchronized activity] in typewriting at all,” says Audrey van der
Meer, a psychologist and study co-author at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology. She suggests that writing by hand is a neurobiologically richer process and that
this richness may confer some cognitive benefits.
Other experts agree. “There seems to be something fundamental about engaging your
body to produce these shapes,” says Robert Wiley, a cognitive psychologist at the University
of North Carolina, Greensboro. “It lets you make associations between your body and what
you’re seeing and hearing,” he says, which might give the mind more footholds for accessing a
given concept or idea.
Those extra footholds are especially important for learning in kids, but they may give
adults a leg up too. Wiley and others worry that ditching handwriting for typing could have
serious consequences for how we all learn and think.
What might be lost as handwriting wanes
The clearest consequence of screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might be on
kids’ ability to learn the building blocks of literacy — letters.
“Letter recognition in early childhood is actually one of the best predictors of later
reading and math attainment,” says Vinci-Booher. Her work suggests the process of learning to
write letters by hand is crucial for learning to read them.
“When kids write letters, they’re just messy,” she says. As kids practice writing “A,” each
iteration is different, and that variability helps solidify their conceptual understanding of the
letter.
Research suggests kids learn to recognize letters better when seeing variable handwritten
examples, compared with uniform typed examples.
This helps develop areas of the brain used during reading in older children and adults, VinciBooher found.
“This could be one of the ways that early experiences actually translate to long-term life
outcomes,” she says. “These visually demanding, fine motor actions bake in neural
communication patterns that are really important for learning later on.”
Ditching handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don’t get developed as well,
which could impair kids’ ability to learn down the road.
“If young children are not receiving any handwriting training, which is very good brain
stimulation, then their brains simply won’t reach their full potential,” says van der Meer. “It's
scary to think of the potential consequences.”