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According to the German philosopher Karl Marx: The less you eat, drink and buy books; the less you go to the theatre, the dance hall, the public house; the less you think, love, theorise, sing, paint, fence, etc., the more you save--the greater becomes your treasure which neither moths nor rust will devour--your capital. The less you are, the less you express your own life, the more you have, i.e., the greater is your alienated life, the greater is the store of your estranged being.                                                                             -from "Human Requirements and Division of Labour                                                                                            under the Rule of Private Property" (1844)  This excerpt discusses what one may gain or lose while making choices between work and life, or between capital and self: the more one works, the more money one saves, the less life one has, and the more alienated one becomes. Do you agree with Marx? Is work necessarily alienating? Does the accumulation of capital necessarily lead to a loss of self? Or, is capital so crucial for one's survival that it is worthwhile to sacrifice life and self for more money? More fundamentally, what - if any - differentiates "work" from other life activities? What could individuals gain from "work" and at what expenses? Couldn't "work" be part of life and a way to fulfill oneself? What makes a worker "unfree" and what may be required to transform "work" into unalienating experiences? Write a well-structured essay to unpack or comment on the excerpt from Marx. You are welcome to include in your essay answers to any of the questions above or initiate your own dialogues with Marx. (100 points)

2. Essay Writing: 70% Topic: "The Perfect Day Without Technology"  Imagine you have to spend an entire day without any technology—no phones, computers, televisions, or other electronic devices. Describe how you would spend this day from start to finish. Explain why you have chosen these activities and how they would benefit you and those around you. Be creative and detailed in your response. So here below are the detailed instructions about how to write this structured essay:      Write an essay, of at least 360 words, in which you describe “The perfect Day Without Technology.” Here, a well-organized essay is expected, with a tripartite structure: Your introduction is supposed to      introduce      the concept of spending a day without technology, and a thesis statement is expected at the end to state the main ideas to follow. The      body      should include paragraphs that deal with details about morning activities, plans for the afternoon, and evening activities, all without modern technology. Finally, in your conclusion, you can reflect on the benefits of spending a day without technology, and at the same time summarize the key points of your technology-free day.

一、試就英國史學家柯靈烏(R. G. Collingwood)的名言,「所有歷史都是思想史」,論述歷史的作用。(25分)