【D】 For more than two years, people everywhere have been in the grip of a pandemic—but not
necessarily the same one. In the affluent world, a viral respiratory disease, Covid, suddenly became a
leading cause of death. In much of the developing world, by contrast, the main engine of destruction
wasn’t this new disease, but its second-order effects: measures people took in response to the
coronavirus. Richer nations and poorer nations differ in their vulnerabilities.
Whenever I talk with members of my family in Ghana, Nigeria and Namibia, I’m reminded that
a global event can also be a profoundly local one. Lives and livelihoods have been affected in these
places very differently from the way they have in Europe or the US.
That’s true in the economic and
educational realms, but it’s true, too, in the realm of public health. And across all these realms, the
stakes are often life or death.
The three countries I mentioned have a median age between 18 and 22 years, and the severity of
Covid discriminates sharply by age. A big way that Covid can kill is by hampering the management
of other diseases, such as HIV, malaria and TB. In Africa alone, 26 million people are living with
HIV and, in a typical year, several hundreds of thousands die of it, while malaria, which is especially
deadly to infants and toddlers, claims almost 400,000 lives.
Those are big numbers, and yet they used to be much bigger—a major healthcare effort brought
them down. Amid the pandemic, though, people stopped visiting clinics, in part because it became
harder to get to them, and healthcare workers had to curtail their own movements. According to a
Global Fund survey of 32 countries in Africa and Asia, prenatal care visits dropped by two-thirds
between April and September 2020; consultations for children under five dropped by three-quarters. Public-health experts predict that, as an indirect consequence of the Covid pandemic, twice as
many people around the world could be at risk of dying from malaria. There could be 400,000 extra
deaths from TB in the next few years, and half a million extra deaths from HIV. Across much of the
world, in short, the response to the coronavirus has ushered in a shadow pandemic. The coronavirus’s
real death toll, then, has to be calculated not just in deaths from Covid, but also in deaths that would
otherwise have been prevented, from malaria, TB, HIV, diabetes and more.
This shadow pandemic isn’t simply a story about disease—it’s about poverty, hunger, truncated
education and stunted lives. A suggestive comparison can be made with the climate crisis. In the
affluent world, some people think of climate breakdown as a matter of how long the air conditioning
stays on, but for many in the developing world, it’s already a matter of floods, droughts and famine.