Questions 21-25 

    One in three women with breast cancer __21__ by a mammogram is treated unnecessarily according to a Danish study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, which has renewed debate __22__ the value of early detection. 

     Researchers increasingly recognize that not all breast cancers __23__ the same risk, even if they look the same under a microscope, Dr. Otis Brawley said. While some early tumors turn into deadly monsters, others stop growing or even __24__. But assuming that all small breast lesions have the potential to turn deadly is __25__ “racial profiling,” Brawley wrote in his editorial.

    Have you been wondering about the health benefits of goji berries and goji juice? Some claim that the goji berry is a __26__ of youth. The goji berry, also called the wolfberry, is a bright orange-red berry that comes from a shrub __27__ China. In Asia, goji berries have been eaten for generations __28__living longer. Over time, people have used goji berries to try to treat many common health problems like diabetes, high blood pressure, fever, and __29__ eye problems. Goji berries __30__, cooked, or dried (like raisins) and are used in herbal teas, juices, wines, and medicines.

Passage 1: Questions 31-33 

   Burgeoning numbers of patients with long-term conditions requiring complex care have placed pressures on healthcare systems around the world. In New Zealand, complex patients are increasingly managed within the community. The Community of Clinical Practice concept identifies the network of carers around an individual patient whose central participants share a common purpose of increasing that patient’s well-being.

    Communities of clinical practice include informal supports, services, professionals and non-professionals. These communities of clinical practice mediate practice, utilize informal networks to cut across boundaries, and mandate professional jurisdictions to achieve optimum patient-centered care. Communities of clinical practice’s repertoires are characterized by care and are driven by the moral imperative to care. They do “whatever it takes,” although there is a cost to this form of care. Well-functioning communities of clinical practice use patient’s well-being as a guiding light and, by sharing a vision of care through trusting and respectful relationships.

   In 1972, a social worker named Sanjit “Bunker” Roy funded Barefoot College in Tilonia, Rajasthan. Today the college trains women from villages for six months to build and maintain solar panels and other instruments. Barefoot College also offers education to the younger generation both during the day and at its solar bridge schools that meet by lamplight at night.

   The philosophy of Barefoot College is largely inspired by the principles of Gandhi, starting with equality beyond caste, gender or religion. As a matter of fact, women are prioritized as an underserved population that is essential to bring villages together. Another central principle of the college is self-reliance, teaching students to support and think for themselves.

   After the college’s female students have completed their half-year training, they return to their villages, where they wait for solar panel parts to arrive from the college. Once they have all the pieces they need, they construct the panels and begin collecting solar energy. For each village, the college also provides solar lamps. Villagers can, in addition, order parts for other solar-powered devices, such as water heaters and cooking stoves by the solar panels.

   The effect on the villages is huge. Before the solar panels and lamps arrived, villagers had only candles to light their homes. This prevented adults from doing serious work at night, and it made studying difficult for children as well. As for physicians, they had difficulty treating patients and performing operations at night because they had to rely on flashlights.

   Now there is power for not only the electrical appliances that the college provides but also devices like televisions, radios and computers. For the first time, the villagers can even connect to the world through the Internet.

   Several different things happen when a person is hypnotized. People in deep hypnosis don’t seem to think anything unless the hypnotist tells them to. There are different levels of hypnosis. People usually have to practice by being hypnotized several times in order to reach the deeper levels. Hypnosis is not sleep. The brain waves of hypnotized people are like those who are awake. If you feel like speculating, consider this: The brain waves of people most easily hypnotized often show right cortex activation. Surgeons have successfully used it to suggest that the person can feel no pain. They have removed an appendix with no anesthesia. People can often remember things under hypnosis that they can’t remember in the normal state. This may be due to their increased focus of attention.

   Hypnosis raises important questions about the organization of the human brain. We know there are levels of organization in the brain. As you read this, for example, a lower part of your brain is regulating your body temperature without your thinking about it. Another part is organizing all these little squiggly patterns on paper into words that make sense. Some theorists have said that what happens in hypnosis is that levels in the brain become disconnected. The subject’s conscious level is restricted to the things that hypnotist suggests; nothing else is allowed into that consciousness. If the subject’s arm is hurt, and the hypnotist says, “No, it’s not,” the subject doesn’t experience the pain at conscious level. It might as well not exist. All we are aware of is what we are conscious of. In hypnosis, goes this theory, the content of your conscious brain comes under the direction of the hypnotist. Why this happens, or how it happens, is not known.