By the time children arrive at school, they have learned to speak at least one language and have mastered most of the language structures they will ever use. Through social interaction, using the language they hear around them from birth, they have developed,__1__ their awareness, the underlying rules of grammar and the vocabulary that give meaning to the world as they see it.__2__ , we often teach language in schools__3__ children come to our classrooms with little or no language competence. Nothing could be __4__ from the truth. Children can request, demand, explain, recount, persuade, and express opinions. They bring to school the ability to 5 their own life histories. They are authors creating meaning with language long before they arrive at school.

1.

       Exotic insect pests can produce both short and long-term effects on forest ecosystem. Short-term effects include the disturbances directly associated with the action of the pest, which may cause the defoliation, loss off vigor, or death. Long-term effects are primarily mediated by changes in tree species composition and the consequent alterations of forest structure, productivity, and nutrient uptake. Exotic pests are more efficient than most abiotic disturbances (e.g., fire or wind) at producing long-term changes in species composition. Pests often target specific tree species and, if they become established, they usually remain as permanent components of the ecosystem. Shifts in forest species composition ramify through the ecosystem in many ways because tree species have different, often unique properties.

       Analyzing levels of proportional representation of American Indians in state and local government job is important for several reasons. First, the basic idea underlying the theory of representative bureaucracy is that the demographic composition of bureaucracy should mirror the demographic composition of the general public. This is because in addition to its symbolic value, increased access to managerial position may lead to greater responsiveness on the part of policy makers to the policy interests of traditionally disadvantaged groups such as American Indians. Second, the focus on higher level jobs of bureaucracies (as opposed to non-managerial positions) is especially important because managerial positions represent a major source of economic progress for members of traditionally disadvantaged groups, as these jobs confer good salaries, benefits, status, security and mobility. Third, it is important to know if there has been growth in the American Indian share of more desirable public sector positions over the last two decades. For instance, Peterson and Duncan, two of college professors, argue that the population and power of American Indians have been growing in certain states. They also suggest that this growth may reflect the possibility that American Indian population are becoming more active in nontraditional areas of politics, assimilating into mainstream culture, and securing with greater frequency leadership positions in non-tribal government.