Two kinds of criteria are used to __22__ languages from dialects. The first are social and political: In this view, “languages” are typically written, official, and __23__ , whereas “dialects” are mostly spoken, unofficial, and looked down upon. As a saying goes, “A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.” This implies that a powerful group of people like an army or a government can __24__ which dialect is chosen as the official language of a state.
        Linguists have a different criterion: If two kinds of speech are so __25__ in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation that their speakers can understand each other, they are regarded as dialects of a single language. On the other hand, if __26__ is difficult or even impossible, they are different languages. On this __27__ , Mexican Spanish and Argentine Spanish are dialects of the same language (Spanish). Speakers of these dialects normally have little __28__ communicating with each other. Cantonese, on the other hand, is not considered a dialect of Chinese because speakers of the two languages can hardly __29__ with each other. This criterion of mutual understandability, though objective, can annoy nationalists. For example, Danes and Norwegians have no difficulty understanding each other, making Danish and Norwegian __30__ as dialects of the same language. Yet, few Danes or Norwegians would actually feel happy about this classification.