The creative and media industries are increasingly __26__ in terms of networks and clusters of activity, some spontaneously formed by groups of individuals and businesses, some artificially __27__ by policy makers. Scholarly attention has focused on the localized geography of the creative industries and the extent to which creative work is rooted in communities and cultures. From a policy __28__ , “clustering” of the creative industries has become increasingly fashionable, with commentators claiming that local hotspots of creative activity, especially in cities, will produce a __29__ of benign social and economic impacts on local economies and communities. (abridged from Management and Creativity)