They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.
The word "resolve" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) avoid repeating
(B) talk about
(C) avoid thinking about
(D) find a solution for
Questions 23-32
Nineteenth-century writers in the United States, whether they wrote novels, short stories, poems or plays were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years. In fact, writers responded to the railroads as soon as the first were built in the 1830's. By the 1850's, the railroad was a major presence in the life of the nation. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau saw the railroad both as a boon to democracy and as an object of suspicion. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well. By the 1850's and 1860's, there was a great distrust among writer and intellectuals of the rapid industrialization of which the railroad was a leading force. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to popular culture rather than to the realm of serious art. One thinks of melodramas, boy's books, thrillers, romances and the like rather than novels of the first rank. In the railroads' prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading - works offering the ambience of stations yards and locomotive cabs. These writers who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel" are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory. But anyone who takes the time to consult their fertile writings will still find a treasure trove of information about the place of the railroad in the life of the United States.
【題組】27. According to the passage, the railroad played a significant role in literature in all of the following kinds of books EXCEPT
(A) thrillers
(B) boys' books
(C) important novels
(D) romances
Questions 1-10
The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many others to emit light, amplifying it to much higher powers.
The first to succeed was Charles H. Towns, then at Columbia University in New York. Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelengths.
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37-year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Towns and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser. 【題組】2. The word "intervention" in line 4 can best be replaced by
(A) need
(B) device
(C) influence
(D) source
Question 20-30
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented I the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
【題組】23. During the 1860's, canned food products were
(A) unavailable in rural areas
(B) shipped in refrigerator cars
(C) available in limited quantities.
(D) A staple part of the American diet.
Question 39-50
The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for the first time. "Urban population" was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.
Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of "urban" to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).
Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the county in which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities.
While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple "town" and "cities". A host of terms came into use: "metropolitan regions", "polynucleated population groups", "conurbations", "metropolitan clusters", "megalopolises", and so on.
【題組】39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How cities in the United States began and developed
(B) Solutions to overcrowding in cities
(C) The changing definition of an urban area
(D) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census
【題組】50. Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area?
(A) Lines 4-5
(B) Lines 7-8
(C) Lines 21-23
(D) Lines 27-29.
Questions 11-22
Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer's process for converting iron into steel, Which made the material more commercially viable.
Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vauits of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle does Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
【題組】13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because
(A) all available iron was needed for other purposes
(B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive
(C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings
(D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron
Questions 33-41
A pioneering set of experiments has been important in the revolution in our understanding of animal behavior-a revolution that eroded the behaviorist dogma that only humans have minds. These experiments were designed to detect consciousness-that is, signs of self-awareness or self-recognition-in animals other than humans.
The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist. This may be one reason that many researchers have shied away from the notion of mind and consciousness in nonhuman animals. In the late1960's, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup devised a test of the sense of self: the mirror test. if an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as "self," then it could be said to possess an awareness of self, or consciousness. It is known that a cat or a dog reacts to its own image in mirror, but often it treats it as that of another individual whose behavior very soon becomes puzzling and boring.
The experiment called for fanuliarizing the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal's forehead with a red spot. If the animal saw the reflection as just another individual, it might wonder about the curious red spot and might even touch the mirror. But if the animal realized that the reflection was of itself, it would probably touch the spot on its own body. The first time Gallup tried the experiment with a chimpanzee, the animal acted as if it knew that the reflection was its own, it touched the red spot on its forehead. Gallup' report of the experiment, published in a. 1970 article, was a milestone in our understanding of animal minds and psychologists wondered how widespread self-recognition would prove to be.
【題組】40. The chimpanzee in Gallup's first experiment responded to the
mirror test by touching
(A) its own forehead
(B) the researcher's forehead
(C) the red spot on the mirror
(D)the red spot on another chimpanzee
Questions 42-50
Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. in most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.
Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.
However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.
【題組】45. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in lines 11 - 12 to suggest that
(A) new habitats can be created for species
(B)humans are often made ill by polluted water
(C) some species have been made extinct by human activity
(D)) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing
【題組】46. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans oil the world's ecosystems EXCEPT
(A) destruction of the tropical rain forests
(B) habitat destruction in wetlands
(C)damage to marine ecosystems
(D)the introduction of new varieties of plant species
Questions 20-29
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United
States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and
believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their
distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest
(5) occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the
number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the
national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands
abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the
city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and
(10) suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were
overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that
promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage
systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric
(15) networks were privately owned. Reformers fared that the privately owned utility
companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them
only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by
regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services
themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation
(20) would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at
the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced
human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future
growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization
(25) and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration
for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities
introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented
themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were
restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial
development.
【題組】25. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?
(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.
(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth
(C) They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.
(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.
Questions 30-39
By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this
time had been introduced into the American colonies though books and prints,
European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies
(and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art
(5) institutions.
By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the
artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been
willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping
shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which
(10) artists were described at the time suggests their status: "limner" was usually applied to
the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's: "painter" characterized anyone who
could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were
trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought
of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley,
(15) Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although
subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to
allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image
indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James
Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of
(20) Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit
their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective
communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its
encouragement.
Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes,
(25) historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the
coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their
works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial
artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the
new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial
to the development of taste-a necessary step before art could assume an important role
in the new republic.
【題組】39. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.
(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.
(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.
(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.
Questions 1-9
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar
To that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas
5) a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People
are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may
not be harmed or removed.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.
10) Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.
15) The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management
practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are
offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only
in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting
that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.
20) Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other
countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United
States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United
States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves.
Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range
25) from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks
in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures
on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to
recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas.
whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important
role in preserving that diversity.
【題組】5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay
National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an example of a sanctuary that
(A) is not well know
(B) covers a large area
(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary
(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary
status
Questions 10-17
From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included
at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor
for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather
objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a
5) mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as
an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture
to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s
field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer
wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables
10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from
cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.
Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter,
other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were
15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans
could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best
of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to
regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment
in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example,
20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and
applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time
required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality—
and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as
many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
【題組】10. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
Questions 18-28
Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result
directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of
the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the
city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make
5) a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general
position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical
characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to
the continuing prosperity of a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its
development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost
10) unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west
transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land
and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world’s finest large
farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless
of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding
15) during thunderstorm activity.
Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its
early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadephia and Boston both originated at
about the same time as New York and shared New York’s location at the western end of
one of the world’s most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an
20) easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone explain New York’s primacy, but it does include
several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why
some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems
particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power
25) resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages
of city development than later.
【題組】21. According to the passage, a city’s situation is more important than its site in regard to the city’s.
(A) long-term growth and prosperity
(B) ability to protect its citizenry
(C) possession of favorable weather conditions
(D) need to import food supplies
Questions 29-40
The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought
to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive,
Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear
5) reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant
planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per
10) square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that
the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.
Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright
15) bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling
Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate
it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.
Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
20) heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another
starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model
of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance—from rocky moons close to Jupiter
to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have
become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its
satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.
【題組】33. According to the passage, some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they both have
(A) solid surfaces
(B) similar masses
(C) similar atmospheres
(D) metallic cores
【題組】38. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 19-20) ?
(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun
(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets
(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has
(D) To suggest a possible source of the
quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off
Questions 1-10
In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged
in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent.
People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated
Line in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle
5) or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle
makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the
United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several
10） economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially
coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the North American
continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the
First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the
United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped
15）build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked
important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial
unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with
farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks,
20) increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were
pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions
such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work
that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than
labor-intensive.
25） The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work
was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft
workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from
start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and
more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at
less expense.
【題組】4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that occurred in the United States before 1914?
(A)The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting
from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by
other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work
force
Question 21-30
The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920’s, marked the twentieth century’s
first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and
music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic
Line consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans
5) of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had
included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as
trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about
creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began
to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed,
10) and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes
toward them. Thus, thought the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its
impact on American art and culture continues to the present.
The district in New York City know as Harlem was the capital of the movement.
In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited
15) by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic
movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism,
take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance
and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of
his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could
20) enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators
and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time
to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.
Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had
Been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From
25) this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical
backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was
to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic
artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and
carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.
【題組】29. According to the passage, all of the following
were true of Harlem in the 1920’s EXCEPT:
(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals
lived there.
(B) It attracted people from various regions of
United States.
(C) It was one of the most expensive
neighborhoods in New York City.
(D) It was a unique cultural center.
Questions 41-50
There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic con.
Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history
comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of
Line the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils
5) of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard.
However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably
a global ice age.
The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity
is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now
10) at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The
deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their
characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake
Huron (dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of
fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in
15) glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer
corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and
the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is
not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly
glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large
20) pebbles or “dropstones,” a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse
material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into
otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those
in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India, and
Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in
25) the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.
Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have
Been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the
Next 1.5 billion years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of
Glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the
Proterozoic con.
【題組】45. The word “resemble” in line 14 is closest in
meaning to
(A) result from
(B) penetrate
(C) look like
(D) replace have similar origins
Questions 29-39
The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed
significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the
1870' s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed
Line immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.
(5) Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation
without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in
specific regions of the country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people. In
doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the
(10) influence of science.
Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South;
Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains; and Sarah One Jewett wrote about
everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories
that portrayed local life in the California mining camps.
(15) Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most
outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In
his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common
speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its
(20) limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined
human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship,
studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.
Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly
(25) portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their
understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human
affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was "not intended as a piece of
literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions."
【題組】39. Which of the following statements
about Theodore Dreiser is supported by
the passage?
(A) He mainly wrote about historical
subjects such as the Civil War.
(B) His novels often contained elements
of humor.
(C) He viewed himself more as a social
commentator than as a literary artist.
(D) He believed writers should
emphasize the positive aspects of
life.
Question 30-40
Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat
Than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move,
Heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is
Line Moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in
(5) the form of latent heat. The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to
Convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove,
it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature.
We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster
than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change
(10) liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat—supplied by the stove in the first case
and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the
atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will
condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate
(15) Water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion
of the Sun’s energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the
globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly
30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it
can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it
(20) can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds
and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.
【題組】36. According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy
(A)is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes
(B)is transported by ocean currents
(C)never leaves the upper atmosphere
(D)gets stored as latent heat
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