Coping with situations like out-of-control crowds, high speed chases, armed standoffs and hostage dramas can be a dangerous process for police, suspects, and bystanders   31   . To reduce the risk, researchers are trying to create and improve weapons that can be used without deadly force. 

             32      by paintball battles, researchers realized the same types of guns that fire paint could fire pepper spray. The guns help officers keep their distance and avoid accidental   33   the chemical or poisonous substance. 

        Another option under development is the liquid stun gun, which combines the concept of the water cannon with electric gun technology. It fires a high-pressure saline solution and is electrified with 9-volt batteries. And specifically, the liquid stun gun doesn't need reloading. Such weapons are generally considered safe, although there's a slight chance that they could prove   34   to those wearing pacemakers. 

        All of these new, non-lethal weapons are still in the testing and development phases. But researchers say the products will soon be available to help law enforcement agencies deal with potentially dangerous situations without unnecessarily    35   lives.