1. Which of the following can NOT be attributed to the four successive stages of culture acquisition?
(A) Feelings of anomie. (B) Culture assimilation.
(C) Social dissatisfaction. (D) Psychological transference.
2. McNeill and other researchers in the Chomskyan tradition composed eloquent arguments for the appropriateness of the
language acquisition device (LAD) proposition. Which of the following could be a challenge to Nativist approaches to child
language acquisition from later linguists?
(A) Children learn language not as a series of separate discrete items, but as an integrated system.
(B) As the child’s language develops, those hypotheses of language are continually revised, reshaped, or sometimes abandoned.
(C) A child’s (or adult’s) linguistic performance may be the consequence of many levels of simultaneous neural
interconnections.
(D) Children have a blueprint in the brain that allows them to recognize the structure-dependence of language and to manipulate
the structures.
3. What makes communicative language teaching (CLT) difficult for a non-native speaking teacher who is not very proficient in
the second language to teach effectively?
(A) Its central focus is practicing organizational language forms.
(B) Its pedagogical tasks lie heavily in discourse and grammatical competence.
(C) Fluency, more than accuracy, is focused as the complementary principle underlying communicative techniques.
(D) In the communicative classroom, students have to productively and receptively use the language in unrehearsed contexts.
4. Overcoming interference from the learner’s native language was seen as essential by the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis.
Because without correction interference, errors would become __________.
(A) fossilized (B) normalized (C) generalized (D) contextualized
5. The relationship between the learning group and the target group in John Schumann’s theory is called __________, which
determines in large part the learner’s opportunities for acculturation that refers to the process of becoming a functioning
member of the target language culture.
(A) affective distance (B) social distance (C) cultural distance (D) psychological distance
6. Drums, dragons and dancers paraded through New York’s Chinatown to usher in the Year of the Rat. While some parade-goers
were familiar with the Chinese zodiac, others said they were just there to enjoy the cultural spectacle or partake in a sense of
_______ beginning.
(A) intangible (B) auspicious (C) oblivious (D) hilarious
7. The New York Police Department has shown remarkable restraint, politeness and at times kindness towards protesters, even
those who were trying to __________ them.
(A) convoke (B) evoke (C) invoke (D) provoke
8. The losses reflect what has become a severe __________ caused by sudden business shutdowns in nearly every industry.
(A) discretion (B) compensation (C) prudence (D) recession
9. The head of the company believes that creativity is not about single original ideas; it is a(n) __________ effort made by a
community of people who trust and get on with each other.
(A) collaborative (B) skeptical (C) solitary (D) unconvinced
10. They tried every effort to transform adversity into __________ and to turn something of less value into something of high
value.
(A) credibility (B) opportunity (C) meditation (D) promotion
11. Even though the candidate attended several political conferences, this community, constituting 23 percent of the voting
electorate, tended to deliver a(n) _______ yea or nay to this policy.
(A) indeterminable (B) omnivorous (C) impoverished (D) monolithic
12. The WHO’s Maria Van Kerkhove said, “Between 10 and 15 percent of people under 50 have moderate to severe infections.
Young people are not _______.” She noted that more information is needed about the disease in all age groups.
(A) subservient (B) mundane (C) invincible (D) paradoxical
13. The prime minister announced that the state health department will _______ funds to local health departments for the
development of vaccine viruses against a novel influenza.
(A) disburse (B) elucidate (C) condole (D) rankle
14. After more than two weeks of forced quarantine, hundreds of refugees in Turkey have been released _______ in recent days,
with many being left on the streets in locked down coastal areas.
(A) haphazardly (B) bellicosely (C) correspondingly (D) acrimoniously
15. In accordance with the new policy, the company has agreed to _______ all the staff for any previous losses.
(A) marginalize (B) consort (C) indemnify (D) corroborate
III. Cloze Test Ａ.
Fish farming is the practice of captive-raising fish for consumption or other human use. Fish farming now ____16____ for half
of all fish consumed worldwide, according to Stanford University. Yet the process has its disadvantages, ____17____ from disease
control to environmental hazards. Keeping fish in close ____18____ increases the chances of disease. If a fish gets sick with a(n)
____19____ virus, it's likely to transfer to other fish in the farm. Fish are also vulnerable to infestations of parasites. In Maine, in 2000 a(n) ____20____ of anemia in an aquaculture facility led to 2.5 million fish being killed, according to a Time magazine article.
【題組】16. (A) accounts (B) charges (C) moderates (D) regulates
B.
Lauren Beukes, a script and fiction writer, is drawn to narratives that allow her to probe themes of gender and power. For her
upcoming novel, “Afterland,” she imagined a plot twist _____21____ a disease wipes out virtually the entire male population. “I
wanted to explore what a world without men would look like and how it wouldn’t necessarily be a better place with everyone
making friendship bracelets and growing communal gardens and walking at night,” says Beukes, who began her book years before
the current coronavirus pandemic.
Lawrence Wright, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author and journalist, says his new novel was inspired by a question the
filmmaker Ridley Scott asked him years ago after reading Cormac McCarthy’s dystopian, “The Road ”: How could social order
break down so completely when we’re ____22____ by a sudden disaster? His upcoming thriller, “The End of October,” describes,
uncannily, a global pandemic originating in Asia. He had meant his new book as a cautionary tale. Plagues have been with us for at least ____23_____ people have been able to record them. But among those who create art,
their meaning has changed profoundly according to the time and the teller. Chris Bohjalian’s new novel, “The Red Lotus,” has just
been published. The author looks for stories about “heartbreak and dread” and thought of a pandemic — an idea he developed
after reading an article about mice carrying viruses resistant to treatment. In his book, rats are the carriers of diseases, ____24____
people are the real villains. “I don’t view the possible pandemic in the novel as a metaphor,” he says. “But a pathogen doesn’t
attack a human with conscious malice. But humans? We are all too conscious of the carnage we can ____25___ one another.”
【題組】21. (A) which (B) in which (C) that (D) at which
C.
A team of researchers at the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research in Leipzig, Germany, has found that a strain of soil
bacterium, identified as Pseudomonas putida, can produce enzymes to digest polyurethanes, thus making ____26____
biodegradable. The study offers hope of ridding the planet ____27____ the growing quantities of discarded plastic products that
threaten human and animal life. But some scientists are skeptical. In earlier experiments, biodegradation of some plastic
components was achieved with fungi. Yale University students in 2011 discovered a fungus that can digest and break down
polyurethane plastic even in a place without air. Since then scientists around the world have identified other fungal species that
can break down polyurethane. Despite new findings, science is nowhere near solving the growing plastic pollution problem. Humankind has manufactured
and discarded so much plastic over the years that the world is ____28____ places to dump the enormous quantities accumulated
every day. Refusal by many developing countries to accept plastic waste from rich nations has exacerbated the problem. Some countries are cutting down on the use of plastic bags, drinking straws, plastic bottles and utensils. Scientists keep coming
up with new biodegradable products to replace plastic, such as wrapping materials made from algae, straws made of paper and
disposable utensils made of bamboo, but the movement could be described as “too little, too late.” Recycling the plastics to make
building materials, fabrics, and ____29____ new plastic products cannot even make a dent in the growing amounts of plastic waste.
Plastic remains the most practical packaging material and is indispensable in medical, pharmaceutical, sanitary and many industries.
Some new biodegradable, but equally useful material, has yet to be developed. ____30____ scientists estimate that about 8 million
pieces of plastic enter the oceans every day. For some of them it will take hundreds of years to properly degrade if they are not
first swallowed by fish and other marine creatures that will die from it.
【題組】26. (A) that (B) this (C) what (D) it
D.
With all the havoc it's wreaking across the globe, the coronavirus outbreak is naturally having an impact on couples and their
relationships. Family therapists are conducting sessions remotely as patients ____31_____ their homes. They say even the most
subtle differences in temperament can be aggravated because of the outbreak's stress. It's a time when every domestic decision can
____32____ impossibly high stakes, from going to the grocery store to deciding who gets quarantined together. The 60-something husband works in the food industry and still insists upon leaving every day for work, saying he needs to
keep his business afloat. His frightened wife desperately wants him to stay home. For another couple, in the midst of a separation,
the bitterly fought issue is the kids and whether they can safely see friends. One parent is allowing it ____33_____ to be the "fun
parent"; the other bitterly opposes it. And for still another couple, it's simply about grocery shopping. She fills the cart, and he
accuses her of hoarding unnecessarily. She argues that they need to be prepared.
Scenarios like these are playing out in urban high-rises, suburban homes and tiny rural communities across America as couples
try to navigate what has abruptly become the "new normal" during the coronavirus outbreak. Described by therapists, lawyers or
the couples themselves, they reveal ____34____ even the most subtle differences in temperament or coping strategy can be
painfully exacerbated under the incredible stress and anxiety that the outbreak is causing. Lewis, the family therapist, says it's still
early days. She hopes the couples will find a way to deal with the anxiety and uncertainty in a useful way. Some of her best advice
to couples: "Let's try not to both have a bad day at the same time," she says. "If today's your bad day, ____35____ is tomorrow.
Let's not blow at the same time."
【題組】31. (A) are used to (B) are confined to (C) are given way to (D) are done away with
IV. Reading Comprehension (36-50 題，共 15 題)
A.
A machine cannot create energy. What it does is to produce force and control the direction and motion of that force. A machine's
work output can never exceed the amount of energy put into it. Its function is to transform one form of energy, such as electrical
energy, and pass it along as mechanical energy. Some machines are known as prime movers because they change energy directly
into mechanical motion. These include diesel engines, stream and water turbines and windmills, among others. As an example of
how a prime mover operates, the energy of falling water rushing through the wheel of a turbine produces rotary motion. This direct
motion of the wheel can be used to turn a generator that produces electricity. Other machines, such as a generator, a water pump,
or a harvesting machine, are run by prime movers. These machines only control or produce certain forces and motions. A machine's
ability to do work is measured by two factors: efficiency and mechanical advantage. The efficiency of a machine is the ratio between the energy it supplies and the energy put into it. Machines that transmit only
mechanical energy may have an efficiency of nearly 100 percent. But some machines have an efficiency as low as 5 percent. No
machine can operate with 100 percent efficiency because the friction of its parts always uses up some of the energy that is being
supplied to the machine. All machines produce some friction. For this reason, a perpetual motion machine is impossible. A simple lever is a good example of a machine that has a high efficiency. The work it puts out is almost equal to the energy it
receives, because the energy used up by friction is quite small. On the other hand, an automobile engine has an efficiency of only
about 25 percent, because much of the energy supplied by the fuel is lost in form of heat that escapes into the surrounding air.
【題組】36. What is the main topic of this passage?
(A) Principles of force in motion.
(B) Principles of mechanical efficiency.
(C) Principles of energy.
(D) Principles of machines.
【題組】37. What is NOT discussed in this passage?
(A) The loss of energy due to friction.
(B) The transformation of energy.
(C) The factor of mechanical advantage.
(D) The transmission of mechanical energy.
【題組】38. Why is a diesel engine a prime mover?
(A) It has a high efficiency rating.
(B) It transforms energy directly into mechanical motion.
(C) It only controls or produces certain forces and motions.
(D) The friction of its parts uses up part of its energy.
【題組】39. A machine's efficiency is reduced by _____.
(A) the work it puts out
(B) the energy it puts into
(C) the friction it produces
(D) the energy it supplies
【題組】40. In the last paragraph, the phrase "escape into" could best be replaced by _____.
(A) radiate into
(B) shatter into
(C) dodge into
(D) disintegrate into
B. I live in a historic neighborhood in the heart of Washington, D.C. It’s not historic in the sense that anything especially
important happened here — certainly not in the modest rowhouses that make up the bulk of the neighborhood. What “historic”
means, here and in cities across the country, is that this is a neighborhood where buildings are not supposed to change. The law
says window frames on Capitol Hill must be wooden, or something that looks very much like wood. If a front door has two parts
and opens down the middle, it cannot be replaced by a single door that swings open from the side. If the house was built two stories
tall, it must remain two stories tall — unless the addition can’t be seen from the street. Humans don’t like change, so it’s not
surprising that historic preservation laws have become quite popular. There are now more than 2,300 local historic districts across
the United States, and I know many people who would like to have their own neighborhood frozen in time.
But historic preservation comes at a cost: It obstructs change for the better. And while that price is generally invisible, it is
now on public display because of the city’s efforts to prevent Washington homeowners in historic neighborhoods from installing
visible rooftop solar panels. As you may have heard, Earth is getting hotter because we’re burning too much carbon, and one small
way people can reduce their use of carbon is to tap the sun for electricity. I haven’t taken a poll, but I’m prepared to wager most
residents of Washington’s historic districts agree that climate change is caused by humans and that we really ought to do something
about it. But the mandarins of historic preservation regard allowing people to install rooftop solar panels with the kind of horror
they usually reserve for anachronistic window frames. “I applaud your greenness, and your desire to save the planet. And I realize that we are in crisis, politically as well as
sustainably,” Chris Landis, an architect who sat on one of the boards that pass judgment on proposed changes to Washington
homes, told a homeowner in October who had the temerity to request permission to install 12 front-facing solar panels on his own
roof. “But I just have this vision of a row of houses with solar panels on the front of them and it just — it upsets me, as somebody
who’s supposed to protect the architectural fabric of a neighborhood.”
Mr. Landis and I apparently don’t share a sense of the sacrifices that may be required in a crisis. As the petitioner, Steven
Preister, put the matter to Mr. Landis and his colleagues: “If we do not change and loosen these standards, will the district be
habitable in 100 years?” Good question! The board, however, decided it was more important to keep Mr. Preister’s roof looking
as it did 100 years ago.
【題組】41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The preservation of historical buildings.
(B) The petition for installing roof solar panels.
(C) The architect’s praise of the green idea and his support of the petition.
(D) The conflict between historic preservation and environmental protection.
【題組】42. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
(A) Some homeowners believe they need to do something to prevent further climate change.
(B) The buildings within the author’s neighborhood are not allowed to make any restoration.
(C) The author envies those living in the heart of the city where historical buildings are preserved.
(D) Some homeowners are wary of the damages brought forth to their living by installing solar panels.
【題組】43. Which of the following is closest in meaning to temerity in the third paragraph?
(A) Indignation.
(B) Resilience.
(C) Audacity.
(D) Stimulation.
【題組】44. What is sacrificed when the judgment of the petition for installing solar panels on the roof is done?
(A) Historical architecture.
(B) Sustainability of Earth.
(C) Neighborhood assistance.
(D) Homeowners’ properties.
【題組】45. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
(A) Petitioner Fights for Rights.
(B) Solar Panels Help Changes.
(C) Historic Preservation Hurts Cities.
(D) New Vision to Climate Change.
C.
For the past four billion years or so the only way for life on Earth to produce a sequence of DNA—a gene—was by copying
a sequence it already had to hand. Sometimes the gene would be damaged or scrambled, the copying imperfect or undertaken
repeatedly. That is no longer true. Now genes can be written from scratch and edited repeatedly, like text in a word processor. The
earliest stages of such “synthetic biology” are already changing many industrial processes, transforming medicine and beginning
to reach into the consumer world. Progress may be slow, but with the help of new tools and a big dollop of machine learning,
biological manufacturing could eventually yield truly cornucopian technologies.
The scale of the potential changes seems hard to imagine. But look back through history, and humanity’s relations with the
living world have seen three great transformations: the exploitation of fossil fuels, the globalization of the world’s ecosystems
after the European conquest of the Americas, and the domestication of crops and animals at the dawn of agriculture. All brought
prosperity and progress, but with damaging side-effects. Synthetic biology promises similar transformation. To harness the promise
and minimize the peril, it pays to learn the lessons of the past.
Start with the most recent of these previous shifts. Fossil fuels have enabled humans to drive remarkable economic expansion
in the present using biological productivity from ages past, stored away in coal and oil. But much wilderness has been lost, and
carbon atoms which last saw the atmosphere hundreds of millions of years ago have strengthened the planet’s greenhouse effect
to a degree that may prove catastrophic. Here, synthetic biology can do good. It is already being used to replace some products
made from petrochemicals; in time it could replace some fuels, too.
The second example of biological change sweeping the world is the Columbian exchange, in which the 16th century’s newly
global network of trade shuffled together the creatures of the New World and the Old. Horses, cattle and cotton were introduced
to the Americas; maize, potatoes, chili and tobacco to Europe, Africa and Asia. But there were also disastrous consequences.
Measles, smallpox and other pathogens ran through the New World like a forest fire, claiming tens of millions of lives. The
Europeans weaponized this catastrophe, conquering lands depleted and disordered by disease. Synthetic biology could create such
weapons by design: pathogens designed to weaken, to incapacitate or to kill, and perhaps also to limit themselves to particular
types of target. There is real cause for concern here—but not for immediate alarm. For such weaponization would, like the rest of
cutting-edge synthetic biology, take highly skilled teams with significant resources.
The earliest biological transformation—domestication—produced what was hitherto the biggest change in how humans lived
their lives. Haphazardly, then purposefully, humans bred cereals to be more bountiful, livestock to be more docile, dogs more
obedient and cats more companionable. This allowed new densities of settlement and new forms of social organization: the market,
the city, the state. Humans domesticated themselves as well as their crops and animals, creating space for the drudgery of
subsistence agriculture and oppressive political hierarchies.
Synthetic biology will have a similar cascading effect, transforming humans’ relationships with each other and, potentially,
their own biological nature. The ability to reprogram the embryo is, rightly, the site of most of today’s ethical concerns. It will not
be perfect: there will certainly be unanticipated effects. But synthetic biology will be driven by the pursuit of goals, both anticipated
and desired. It will challenge the human capacity for wisdom and foresight.
【題組】46. Which of the following might NOT be the purpose of the development of biological manufacturing?
(A) Reprograming the genes.
(B) Designing lethal pathogens.
(C) Reducing greenhouse effects.
(D) Passing down damaged genes.
【題組】47. What does the word shuffle in the fourth paragraph possibly mean?
(A) To walk very slowly and noisily.
(B) To cut or tear something into small thin pieces.
(C) To protect something from being harmed or damaged.
(D) To move something into a different order or positions.
【題組】48. According to the passage, which of the following catastrophe is caused by the globalization of the world’s ecosystem in the
New World?
(A) Spreading diseases.
(B) Causing forest fires.
(C) Breeding docile livestock.
(D) Strengthening greenhouse effects.
【題組】49. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
(A) Genes can be texted and edited repeatedly nowadays.
(B) The development of synthetic biology is rapid and uncontroversial.
(C) Fossil fuels enabled humans to drive remarkable economic expansion.
(D) Domestication of crops and animals brought forth new forms of social organization.
【題組】50. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?
(A) Ethical Concerns on Synthetic Biology.
(B) The Promise and Perils of Synthetic Biology.
(C) New Technologies and Biological Manufacturing.
(D) Great Development of Biological Manufacturing.
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