IV. Reading
61-65)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sometimes referred to as attention deficit disorder (ADD),
is a mental disorder in which an individual displays a pattern of age inappropriate hyperactivity, impulsivity, or
inattention. The symptoms of ADHD must present themselves before the age of 12, and they must occur in
multiple settings (e.g. at home and school, not just at home).
A meta-analysis of genetic studies found that ADHD is highly heritable. Environmental factors—such as
the use of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy –contribute to the presentation of ADHD, but genetics play a
more prominent role. About 6 percent of people in the United States under the age of 18 meet the DSM-IV
diagnostic criteria for ADHD, and males are about three times more likely to be diagnosed.
Treatment for ADHD includes social interventions (psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, parent training,
and education) and medication. Social interventions and medication can both be effective on their own, but a
combination of the two modalities tends to be the most effective.
Behavioral interventions and psychotherapy have been found to be very effective for the treatment of mild
ADHD symptoms. In the treatment of children with ADHD, it is essential to include parents in the process. In
addition to behavioral interventions, parents and children can benefit from education about ADHD. Many parents
will have difficulty responding to their children with ADHD because they are under the impression that the child
is intentionally being disrespectful or disruptive. Education about the biological causes and symptoms of ADHD
can help reduce tension in parent-child relationships. It helps parents to know that their child isn't simply trying to
be a nuisance, but that they have a physical limitation that makes it very difficult to control their behavior.
Children with ADHD can benefit from therapy focused on social skills training. Role-playing, modeling of
good behavior, practicing conversation skills such as listening and waiting to speak, conflict management
education, and emotional management skills can all help children reduce the impact of their symptoms.
Medication has been found to be effective for about 80 percent of those with ADHD, but there have been
mixed findings regarding the long-term effects of its use. Medication can improve a child's ability to focus, control
impulsive behavior, and decrease excessive motor behavior. That being said, they are not magic pills that make
children behave well and become effective students. These abilities are better fostered through parenting skills. 【題組】
61. What is the main idea of this article?
(A) It introduces what ADHD is and how it can be treated.
(B) It shows why children with ADHD need medication.
(C) It examines how children with ADHD can be taught.
(D) It indicates that information about ADHD has been outdated.
Personification, the representation of an inanimate object or abstract idea in the __(43)__ of a person, is an
important technique in literature __(44)__ in the visual arts. Fantasy illustrators, for instance, use __(45)__
extensively to unsettle the viewer. __(46)__ a tree with a human face is a fairly obvious maneuver. It is an
archetypal belief __(47)__ the possession of a face implies the possession of a soul. A suggestion of other human
body parts may bring about the same effect. Roots crawling above the surface can represent crooked legs, while
branches and “groping” twigs can be made to __(48)__ arms and hands. In general, personification creates a
double vision that adds depth to our view or the world.
【題組】48. (A) look (B) look alike (C) look like (D) look liking
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