The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a short-range coastal tracking system currently used on ships. It was developed to provide identification and positioning information to both 51 and shore stations. Ships of 300 gross tonnage or more sailing on international voyages, freighter ships of 500 gross tonnage or more sailing in local waters, and all passenger ships 52 size are required by the International Maritime Organization to carry AIS equipment. AIS transponders automatically broadcast information at regular 53 . Navigational status data is transmitted every 2 to 180 seconds, depending on a ship’s activity. In addition, voyage related data is broadcast every 6 minutes. These signals are received by AIS transponders installed on other ships or by land-based systems. 

     The AIS signals have a horizontal range of about 40 nautical miles, 54 that AIS traffic information is only available around coastal zones or in a ship-to-ship zone. AIS communication takes place using two VHF frequencies, 161.975 MHz and 162.025 MHz. Although only one radio channel is necessary, each station transmits and receives over two radio channels to avoid interference problems and to allow channels to be shifted among ships 55 communication loss.

 Several years back, I visited Iceland in the dead of winter. I was researching a book on global happiness, and the small Nordic nation intrigued me. What was this country, adrift in the freezing North Atlantic, doing 41 atop the world's happiness rankings?

 In pursuit of answers, I buttonholed anyone willing to talk, dined on rotten shark, drank excessively, and, of course, 42 a dip in the Blue Lagoon, the otherworldly geothermal waters that have become synonymous with Icelandic bliss. Shortly after I left, Iceland's largest banks 43 belly up and the nation's economy teetered on the verge of 

        __36__ April 3, 2004 Greg Carpenter was found guilty of two accounts of first-degree rape and first-degree sodomy of a female less than 11 years of age, and was __37__ 22 years, each count, to be served consecutively. Carpenter appealed his conviction, and in August of 2004, he was freed on $60,000 bail. However, Carpenter failed to report to the Muhlenberg County __38__ Center, and his bond was forfeited.        Since Carpenter allegedly fled while on bail, a state warrant was issued on December 23, 2005, in Carbondale, Illinois, for his __39__ . In May 2006, a state warrant was also issued, after Carpenter was charged __40__ a sex offender registration violation.

        Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us pre-judge people before we ever lay eyes on them.  36  , it is not surprising that stereotypes have something to do with the dark world of prejudice. Explore most prejudices and you will find a cruel stereotype at the core of each one. Why is it that we stereotype the world in such irrational and harmful  37  ? In part, we begin to  38  people in our childhood years. Early in life, as every parent whose child has watched TV knows, we learn to spot the Good Guys  39  the Bad Guys. Some years ago, a social psychologist showed very clearly how powerful these stereotypes of childhood vision are. He secretly asked the most popular kids in an elementary school to make errors in the morning gym exercises.  40  , he asked the class if anyone had noticed any mistakes during gym period. Oh, yes, said the children. But it was the unpopular students in class—the “bad guys”—they remembered as being out of step.