36-40
Disney got into the consulting business by accident after being featured in the 1984 best seller In Search of Excellence. Many corporations started asking for tips so that the company created a program in 1986 called “The Disney Approach to People Management,” and formalized the business a decade later with the Disney Institute’s creation. Revenue from the Disney Institute has doubled over the past three years, according to Disney, powered in part by its aggressive pursuit of new business. From 2006 to 2009, 300 school systems across the United States have sought its advice. The Disney Institute recently hired several field representatives to sign up clients and started dispatching its executives to companies wanting help; before that, advice-seekers traveled to Walt Disney World in Florida or Disneyland in California. “We’re putting our people on planes all day every day, domestically and internationally,” said Jeff James, who runs Disney’s consulting branch. “Some clients are in great shape and want to improve even further, and some are truly clueless.” Mr. James said the up-and-down economy had put pressure on companies to pay more attention to consumers’ needs. He also cited the importance of the Web, which “gives unhappy customers a megaphone.” Disney, which employs 64,000 people in Orlando alone, has its own employee difficulties, of course. Some “cast members” —Disney-reference to employees—chafe at the company’s strict rules, although it recently lifted a facial-hair ban and now allows women to forgo pantyhose. Disney’s ultra-friendly customer service can also startle visitors who aren’t used to such cheerfulness. But vast numbers of consumers love it, and the company is routinely showcased in business books for its hospitality and efficiency. For instance, the company has spent so much time studying its customers—more than 120 million globally in 2011— that it places trash cans every 27 paces, the average distance a visitor carries a candy wrapper before discarding it. When clients send their employees to Disney Institute for training, some time is spent on seminars on topics like “purpose before task.” They are going through Disney-led workshops that emphasize five principles: leadership, training, customer experience, brand loyalty and creativity. Sessions are often custom-tailored. They also get tours of the parks, where Disney managers demonstrate their tricks in action, like giving directions by point with two fingers instead of one (it’s more polite). A behind-the-scenes stop at “textile services” (the laundry) might emphasize how managers are taught to show appreciation for lower-level workers by pitching in to complete menial tasks.
【題組】36. According to the article, when was the Disney Institute founded?
(A) 1984
(B) 1986
(C) 1996
(D) 2006
(E) 2011