The effects of poverty on biomedical status continue through infancy and early childhood. Throughout infancy and early childhood poor children, regardless of cultural group, are less likely to be provided appropriate health care–regular physical examinations, routine vaccinations, and the like. Poor children   (12)   to various accidents, injuries, and illnesses which have the effects of slightly increasing the risk of possible neurological dysfunction and have the indirect effects of reducing the child’s energy level and opportunity to   (13)   . Nutrition status also varies by income level. It is rare in the United States for children to   (14)   , but many children apparently suffer from chronic subnutrition. Research has shown that a large proportion, perhaps half or more, of all children in Head Start programs suffer anemia caused by poor diet. Although the nutritional status of these children was not poor to the extent of causing life-threatening circumstances, the subnutrition responsible for the anemia could very well   (15)   , increased susceptibility to illness, and lowered participation in other socialization experiences.

       From the perspective of developmental psychology and neuroscience, learning to use and understand language   (31)   a child's brain development. Through   (32)   evidence on developmentally normal children, as well as through some extreme cases of language   (33)   , that there is a "sensitive period" of language acquisition in which human infants have the ability to learn any language. Several researchers have found that the human brain may be automatically   (34)   to learn languages, while this ability does not last into adulthood in the same way that it exists during childhood. By around age 12, language acquisition has typically been   (35)   , and it becomes more difficult to learn a language in the same way a native speaker would do.

       The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo - a group who lived near the coast during the 1800's. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants； others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Pomo baskets made by Pomo Indian people are recognized worldwide for their exquisite appearance, range of technique, fineness of weave, and diversity of form and use. 

       Making the baskets required great skill and knowledge in collecting and preparing the needed materials. Materials for weaving baskets changed with the seasons and years, so did the materials used for the baskets. The materials used to make the baskets - including but not limited to, swamp canes, saguaro cactuses, rye grass, black ash, willow shoots, sedge roots, and the root of the gray pine—were harvested annually. 

       Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used welt was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry. Although the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied.

       “It seems like a far-fetched idea that animals could survive drifting across the sea, because it’s hard enough for humans to survive that, let alone animals,” says Matthew Borths, a curator of fossils at Lemur Center at Duke University. 

       But a comparison of genetic data from modern Malagasy species with the fossil record of their ancestors from the African mainland has revealed that this is likely what happened for most land vertebrates, according to the research, published in May in the journal Biological Reviews.

       Reptiles, amphibians, and mammals from mainland Africa would have been stranded on giant rafts of vegetation and floated to Madagascar, where they eventually evolved into the wildlife we know today. Some 95 percent of mammals and 98 percent of reptiles are endemic to the country, which means they live nowhere else in the world.

       While it seems improbable for animals to survive the roughly 30 to 35 days it would have taken to get across the Mozambique Channel, the vegetation may have held fruits or other food sources, as well as trapped rain to keep the animals alive.

       “With geological time, something which is statistically unlikely or highly unlikely becomes a certainty. If you keep throwing the dice for five million years, eventually you’re going to come up with 10 sixes,” says study co-author Jason Ali, a geophysicist at the University of Hong Kong.