In 1892, a resident with cholera accidentally __(11)__ the disease via the Elbe River to Hamburg, Germany's entire water supply. Within weeks, ten thousand citizens died. Eight years earlier, German microbiologist Robert Koch had made a discovery: cholera was__ (12)__. Koch's revelation__(13)__ officials in large European cities to invest in filtration systems to protect their water. Hamburg authorities, __ (14)__, had done nothing. Citing costs and alleging dubious science, they'd ignored clear warnings while their city__(15)__ toward catastrophe.

        When I was a boy living on a ranch in Tennessee, I spent glorious afternoons__(16)__ my best friend. We'd hike into the woods, ride ponies, visit the rodeo arena, and venture into the barn to watch the cowboys work the horses. __(17)__ whenever I heard my dad's whistle—that clear sound __(18)__ the wind and all the other clatter—I'd immediately drop whatever I was doing and head home. The signal was unmistakable, and I knew I __(19)__ by my father. Decades later, I'd still__(20)__ that whistle.

 Passage A

        A diet high in ultra-processed foods could hurt your brain for similar reasons that these diets are linked to a slew of other chronic diseases. They are often high in calories, for example, there's nearly a day's worth in the 1,603-calorie Burger King Texas Double Whopper. High-calorie diets can lead to obesity, which is linked to depression. One reason why might be that fat cells become dysfunctional and release inflammatory molecules, which are triggers for depression, anxiety, and dementia.

      Processed foods can be healthy, it's the ultra-processed items that are linked to poor health. Ultra-processed foods include items such as soda, candy, cookies, cake, energy bars and frozen meals. They are often high in fat, sugar and/or sodium and typically enhanced with flavorings, dyes, artificial sweeteners and/or other additives. Ultra-processed foods use ingredients not found in a home kitchen.         As ultra-processed foods are typically hyperpalatable, about 14 to 20 percent of adults and 12 to 15 percent of children and adolescents are food addicted, based on research using the Yale Food Addiction Scale which Gearhardt helped develop. “Those are similar rates of addiction of alcohol and cigarettes,” she says.

     By consuming ultra-processed food people neglect the “good stuff like fruits, vegetables and simply-prepared whole grains. “That means you're shortchanged on nutrients that are good for the brain, including phytonutrients—beneficial substances in plants,” Lane wrote. For example, there are about 8,000 varieties of polyphenols that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties； early studies indicate that diets low in these compounds are linked to depression.

        Sleeping on a plane can be difficult for even the most seasoned traveler, let alone a first-time flier. Research suggests passengers have difficulty sleeping on planes and experience anxiety about doing so. That's not surprising considering everything working against you, from visual distractions to airplane noise and off-kilter circadian rhythms due to crossing multiple time zones.

      With a little practice and the right tools, you can master sleeping on a plane. Some research suggests cooler rooms are better for sleeping—the opposite of some flights. To combat higher temperatures on planes, start with a light base layer. This Losano relaxed cardigan and nap pant set is lightweight and loose enough to keep you comfortable without looking like pajamas.

     Seats that barely recline are far from comfortable when you're trying to sleep on a plane. You can add some comfort with a few key items. A good pillow such as the Cabeau Evolution Classic Pillow with raised sides can support your head and help prevent neck cramps.

      If your carry-on is already stuffed to the gills, try a smartphone app for combatting noise on a plane. BetterSleep is like a virtual white noise machine and comes with an impressive array of sounds to help you snooze. With a mix of storytellers, therapists, and music, Aura is a versatile app that can help you relax so you can fall asleep. It also offers meditation, which may help improve sleep, according to one study.