Before the invention of the at-home refrigerator in 1913, it was rare to find a strawberry in the winter or a gala apple in the spring 11 it had been preserved. Jams, jellies, and preserves were developed by industrious fruit eaters of days 12 as methods of keeping fruits fresh out of season. When the option to freeze and refrigerate became available, fresh food that was in season in warmer climates could 13 a trip elsewhere for consumption, removing the need for old-time preservation techniques. 14 no longer a necessity, some older methods of storing foods became traditional delicacies. Fruit jams, jellies, and preserves have 15 beyond becoming outdated and remained popular sweet spreads for breads, sandwiches, and many other foods.

       With the advent of freezers, we’re able to preserve our food longer than before. But is there a differencebetween fresh and frozen produce    41    nutrition? Well, it highly depends on the circumstances. Most food youtake off the shelf in a grocery store     42   under-ripe to avoid damage during travel time. This means it hasn’tyet reached its peak nutrition. Furthermore, the minute it is picked, its nutritional content begins to   43   . Whenit finally appears on your dinner table days later, the food may lose up to 50 percent of its nutritional value. Frozenfoods,   44   , are picked when they’re ripe and frozen immediately.   45    the quick freeze process may affectsome of the vitamin content, it essentially locks most of the nutrients in place. Compared with the fresh producethat has been sitting around for days, there’s no doubt that frozen foods contain more nutrition.

     Travel back in time to 1662, when Catherine of Braganza (daughter of Portugal’s King John IV) won thehand of England’s newly restored monarch, King Charles II, with the help of a very large dowry that includedmoney, spices, treasures and the lucrative ports of Tangiers and Bombay. This    41   made her one veryimportant lady: the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. When she relocated up north to join King Charles,she is said to have    42   loose-leaf tea as part of her personal belongings; it would also have likely been part ofher dowry. A fun legend has it that the crates were marked Transporte de Ervas Aromaticas (Transport of AromaticHerbs) – later    43   to T.E.A. That last bit probably isn’t true (    44       believe the word ‘tea’ came from atransliteration of a Chinese character), but what is for sure is that tea was already popular among the aristocracy ofPortugal due to the country’s direct trade line to China     45    its colony in Macau, first settled in the mid-1500s(visit today to sample the other end of this culinary exchange, the Portuguese pastéis de nata, aka egg custard tarts).

Sociologists have long marveled at the degree to which the norms of the modern nation-state is imprinted upon the humanpsyche by its pre-existing ideology, which has permeated individual’s thoughts, muscles, and morality. These norms arethen deconstructed and reconstructed into the optimal form   31   by the modern age. In this way individuals gothrough their day with the expectation that everyone will   32   their generalized assumptions about how a “normal”person will respond and behave. And so children habitually obey, anticipating the wishes of a parent or teacher, as wellas the   33   of the police officer, professor, shop-keeper, workplace supervisor, and tax collector. This generalizedanticipation becomes the shared common sense around   34   people are expected to orient their thoughts, behaviors,and world views. Such common sense is often bounded by the modern nation-state;   35   in recent years, it has attimes gone global. In the process, the unique characters of smaller polities, economies, and societies slowly but surelydisappear under the weight of modernity.

       Fuel poverty occurs when a household is unable to afford the most basic amount of energy foradequate heating, cooking, lighting, and use of appliances in the home. According to European UniversityInstitute, in 2011, 9.8% of households in the EU27 countries and 15.8% of households in the 12 newmember states could not afford to heat their homes adequately. Thus, fuel poverty is an increasingly seriousproblem across Europe and requires the intervention of policymakers.

       In particular, corrective measures have been implemented which aim to help fuel-poor householdspay their energy bills, and preventive policies have also been introduced, which focus more on improvingresidential energy efficiency. Debates about the effectiveness of these measures have ensued for severalreasons; mainly because energy retrofit renovations have often been undertaken by wealthier households.Thus, despite these measures, given the expected increase in the cost of energy, some could find it difficultor even impossible to satisfy their energy needs. As a prerequisite to discussions about the effectivenessof different measures to fight fuel poverty, debates have often focused on the need to reliably identify fuel-poor households and create a detailed profile of such households. In fact, the multidimensionality of fuelpoverty makes it difficult to achieve this.

       Fuel poverty has traditionally been treated as a monetary poverty problem. At European Union level,there is no common definition or standardized indicator for assessing fuel poverty. While there is a largebody of literature on measuring poverty, consensus has not yet been reached on the related methodologicaland conceptual issues. However, households affected by fuel poverty are not always the same as thoseaffected by monetary problems, even if the two phenomena are inextricably linked.

       In this context, we suggest that a more careful and systematic understanding can be developedthrough a multidimensional approach to the relationship between monetary poverty, residential energyefficiency of buildings, and heating restrictions. Our objective in this paper is not to challenge existingmeasures of fuel poverty, but provide new ways to better identify those who suffer the most from fuelpoverty in order to optimize policy. We argue this is needed to better identify the connection betweenenergy use and well-being and therefore deepen understanding of energy poverty.