Before children can read, the process of comprehending text begins when someone reads a picture book tothem. Young children listen to the words, see the pictures in the book, and may start to __11__    the words onthe page with the words they are hearing and the ideas these words represent. In order to learn comprehension __12__ , students need modeling, practice, and feedback. For example, when students preview a text, they tapinto what they already know and that knowledge will help them understand the text they are about to read. Inother words, their __13__           knowledge provides a framework for any new information they read. Moreover,when students make predictions about the text they are about to read, this exercise sets up __14__    based ontheir prior knowledge about similar topics. As they read, students may mentally revise their prediction as theygain more information. In addition, identifying the main ideas and making a summary requires studentsto __15__     what points are important and put those points in their own words. Furthermore, asking andanswering questions about a text is another strategy that helps students focus on the meaning of the text.Teachers can help by modeling both the process of asking good questions and strategies for finding the answersin the text.

The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. Today, more than 40 millionpeople living in the US were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the world’s migrants.Also, the population of immigrants is very diverse, with just about every country in the world representedamong US immigrants. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nation’s foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. These portraits provide more details on the USimmigrant population.

The US foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Since 1965, when US immigrationlaws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the US has more than quadrupled.Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the US population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. However,today’s immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890 when 9.2 million immigrants lived inthe US.

Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to newPew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. In 2017, 45% were naturalizedUS citizens, 27% of immigrants were permanent residents, and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrantpopulation was more than tripled in size – from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. By 2017,that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the USin 2017, accounting for 3.2% of the nation’s population. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant populationis due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico – the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in theUS.