When initiating a conversation, note how close you are standing to the person opposite you. Personal space is an essential concept in many cultures, and how much or little you give often __41__ the first impression you make. __42__ , in most Western nations, locals do not like standing close to one another. In these countries, it is customary for people to back away when they feel their space has been __43__ . On the other hand, South Americans stand in close __44__ to one another. When you are meeting one of them, keep in mind that it’s __45__ to step backwards during a conversation. A good rule of thumb is to stand at least an arm’s length away from your speaking partner.

       Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American who emigrated to New York City in 1884, was a scientist and visionary who developed the basis for alternating current (AC) that most of us use today and pioneered numerous technologies that improve our everyday lives. Without his contribution to the AC electric power, we would be fifty years behind technologically than where we are today.

       In 1884, Tesla left Europe and worked for Thomas Edison, the developer of direct current (DC). It was said that Edison promised Tesla $50,000 to fix the problems with his DC system. When Tesla succeeded and demanded his reward, Edison claimed the offer was a joke, saying “When you become a full-fledged American, you will appreciate an American joke.” This prompted Tesla to quit and he ended up in a battle with Edison. Today, Tesla’s AC system is predominantly used to power most of the world’s electricity. DC motors are still used for some industrial machines, but often require more maintenance. 

         It is not just AC power that Tesla worked on. Motors, radios, X-rays, neon signs were advanced by his extraordinary mind. History often touts Italian entrepreneur Guglielmo Marconi as the inventor of radio, but actually he was using technology from seventeen of Tesla’s patents. The two inventors became embroiled in a patent war. In 1943, the United States Supreme Court revoked Marconi’s radio patents in favor of Tesla. Unfortunately, Tesla and Marconi had already passed away by the time the court handed down their decision.

       Tesla also invented one of the world’s earliest remote control and was a pioneer of X-ray technology. He took some of the first X-ray images of the human body and was one of the first scientists to hypothesize that X-rays could be harmful. The brilliant inventor contributed to reusable energy as well. Nine out of the twelve patents used to build the world’s first hydroelectric station, erected at Niagara Falls, New York, belonged to Tesla. He helped pave the way toward clean energy because he understood the physics behind energy and what might be possible in the future.

       Often referred to as “the man who invented the 20th century,” Tesla was involved in many more discoveries and creations. When he died in 1943, there was so much interest in what he was working on that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) raided his hotel room within hours of his death. Experts say Tesla envisioned his inventions improving people’s lives. Indeed, his innovative ideas were milestones of technology. The great pioneer believed “Invention is the most important product of men’s creative brain.”

請依下文回答第 41 題至第 45 題：
       The ancient Greeks worshipped their deities by leaving offerings to them in temples, and honored them by holding regular festivals. Much is known about this worship because many of their temples, together with ritual objects and cult statues, have __41__ , and ancient Greek writers described religious rituals __42__ making offerings of food and wine. Worshippers hoped that the deities would look kindly on them __43__ return, since most gods and goddesses were said to take a keen interest in human affairs. In the mythical great war between Greece and Troy, for example, every stage of the conflict, together with the final outcome, was influenced as much by the actions of the deities __44__ by what the men of the two sides actually achieved on the battle field. The myths of Greece also show this __45__ between deities and humans in the guise of numerous heroes. Stories of heroes like Heracles and Jason, involving great adventures and journey as far as the Underworld, have been endlessly retold.

請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題：
       The Giver is a story about a young boy called Jonas who lives in a society free of crime, suffering and sadness. There is no color, music or emotion, and individuality is prohibited. Everything is chosen; from your parents to your partner. At 12, children are assigned their jobs, which they will train for and do for the rest of their lives. Jonas is assigned to become the new Receiver of Memory, also known as the Giver. The Receiver holds all the bad and good memories of the past. In other words, no one in the community has any memory of humankind’s history.
       The storyline is complex enough to hold the attention of both young and old readers. The development of Jonas from a scared boy to someone willing to risk his future to save the community is enjoyable to follow. The story prompts us to reflect on the path of growing up. At first we are scared to accept that there are new responsibilities, but as we slowly get used to it, we want to move more and more away from childhood. What’s also impressive is Jonas’ loss of trust in his father. At the beginning, Jonas believes his parents completely. However, after the current Receiver shows Jonas the tape of his father killing and disposing of a new born child, Jonas loses his admiration of his father. This moment is what forces Jonas to leave the community. It is symbolic of the change from the innocent mind of a child into the questioning and educated mind of an adult.
        The ending is another aspect which makes this book interesting to read. There are two possible meanings behind the ending and readers have a choice in what it means: either Jonas freezes to death on the sled, or he has really found“ Elsewhere.” The ending shows us that, whatever happens, Jonas has made choices for himself rather than being told what to do.