Wrigley’s chewing gum was actually developed 21 a premium to be given away with other products 22 as a primary product for sale. 23 a teenager, William Wrigley Jr. was working for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in his father’s factory. The soap was not very popular with merchants because it was priced at five cents, and this selling price did not leave a good profit margin for the merchants. Wrigley convinced his father 24 raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, 25 to Wrigley that the use of premiums was an effective sales tool.

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College presidents and the American public have very different ideas about who should pay for college and whether higher education is a good deal, a new Pew Research Center study finds. About two-thirds of the presidents of public and private four-year and two-year colleges say that students should pay for their own education. Meanwhile, less than half of members of the general public agrees with that assessment, with a majority saying either the federal or state government, private donors, or a combination of those should pick up the largest share of a student’s college tab. 

Perhaps this reluctance to pay is due in part to a widespread belief that colleges are ripping people off. Nearly 60 percent of Americans say the U.S. higher education system is not providing students with a good value. Three-quarters of college presidents, on the other hand, say college is a good or excellent value. 

It’s true that the sticker price of college has nearly tripled since 1980. Advocates of higher education, like Terry Hartle, chief lobbyist at the American Council on Education, argue that grants and financial aid have filled that gap －but economists have found that the average family is paying a higher percentage of its income to finance college than it did 30 years ago. Families in the lowest 20^th percentile of income have found college more financially out of reach over the same period, suggesting that financial aid has not kept pace with ballooning costs.

Meanwhile, six in 10 college presidents say students are less prepared for college and study less than their counterparts had 10 years ago. Their pessimism is borne out by research. A comprehensive study finds college students only study 12 hours a week on average. And a 2008 study found that one-third of college students are enrolled in pricey remedial courses because they lack proficiency in basic math or reading. 

Hartle says skepticism over the value of a college education is not new: A 1976 Newsweek cover asked “Who Needs College?” and Harvard economist Richard Freeman argued in “The Overeducated American” the same year that as more Americans racked up degrees their value would go down. (The opposite has proven true so far.) 

College graduates enjoy a strong economic advantage over lesser educated Americans on average. The Pew researchers estimate that the average college graduate makes $650,000 more over his or her lifetime than a high school graduate. And even if they don’t think college was the best deal, more than 85 percent of college grads surveyed say their education was a good investment for them personally.

What we are learning about harassment requires recognizing this beast when we encounter it, and more. It requires looking the beast in the eye. We are learning painfully that simply having laws against harassment on the books is not enough. The law, as it was conceived, was to provide a shield of protection for us. Yet that shield is failing us: Many fear reporting, others feel it would do no good. The result is that less than 5 percent of women victims file claims of harassment. Moreover, the law focuses on quid pro quo, but a recent New York Times article quoting psychologist Dr. Louise Fitzgerald says that this makes up considerably less than 5 percent of the cases. The law needs to be more responsive to the reality of our experiences. As we are learning, enforcing the law alone won’t terminate the problem. What we are seeking is equality of treatment in the workplace. Equality requires an expansion of our attitudes toward workers. Sexual harassment denies our treatment as equals and replaces it with treatment of women as objects of ego or power gratification. Dr. John Gottman, a psychologist at the University of Washington, notes that sexual harassment is more about fear than about sex. Harassment exists in terribly harsh, ugly, demeaning and even debilitating ways. Many believe it is criminal and should be punished as such. It is a form of violence against women as well as a form of economic coercion, and our experiences suggest that it won’t just go away.