IV. Reading Comprehension: (18%) A. If sheer numbers provide any proof, America’s universities and colleges are the
envy of the world. While fully 60% of all U.S. high school graduates attend college at
some point in their life, just 30% of the comparable German population, 28% of the
French, 20% of the British and 37% of the Japanese proceed beyond high school.
German students who survive the Abitur or Britons who pass their A levels may still
not qualify for a top university at home, but find American universities far more
welcoming. Some U.S. schools acknowledge the rigor of European secondary
training and will give up to a year’s credit to foreigners who have passed their high
school exams.
Many foreign students are attracted not only to the academic programs at a
particular U.S. college but also to the larger community, which affords the chance to
soak up the surrounding culture. Few foreign universities put much emphasis on the
cozy communal life that characterizes American campuses: from clubs and sports
teams to student publications and theatrical societies. Foreign students also come in
search of choices. America’s menu of options—research universities, state
institutions, private liberal-arts schools, community colleges, religious institutions,
military academies—is unrivaled. While students overseas usually must demonstrate
expertise in a single field, most American universities insist that students sample
natural and social sciences, languages and literature before choosing a field of
concentration.
entration.
Such opposing philosophies grow out of different traditions and power
structures. In Europe and Japan universities are answerable only to a Ministry of
Education, which sets academic standards and distributes money. While
centralization ensures that all students are equipped with roughly the same resources
and perform at roughly the same level, it also discourages experimentation. U.S.
colleges, on the other hand, are so responsive to cultural currents that they are often
on the cutting edge of social change.
In some respects, the independent spirit of the American university that
foreigners admire comes down to dollars and cents. All U.S. colleges, private and
public alike, must fight vigorously to stay alive. They compete not only for students
but also for faculty and research grants. Such competition, though draining and
distracting, can stimulate creativity and force administrators to remain attentive to
student needs. In other words, U.S. students pay for their education, and demand a
commensurate value for what they—or their parents—pay. Most universities abroad
have state funding, but that luxury has a steep price: universities have less
opportunity to develop distinctive personalities and define their own missions. On the
other hand, these state-funded universities suffer less from the financial crisis, which
will definitely impact the quality of education in American colleges.