A. 

   The World Bank plans to 16 $2.5 billion during the next five years for projects promoting female education in low-income countries, first lady Michelle Obama announced Wednesday in Washington. She said the investment is a powerful statement of belief in the power of education 17 the lives and prospects of millions of girls worldwide, as well as the prospects of their families, their communities, and their countries. It is also “an affirmation of these girls’ extraordinary promise,” she added.                  Development experts say education is one of the most effective ways to foster economic development. A World Bank study found that a woman’s lifelong income increased by 18 percent for every year she attended school. This education project is not the World Bank’s first for females. A program it operated between 1994 and 2008 led to girls 18 boys as the majority in Bangladeshi schools. A $500 million project in India has put 4.3 million more girls in secondary schools since 2012. Similar projects 19 in Nigeria and Yemen, also yielding positive results. 

   Michelle Obama is promoting the “Let Girls Learn” initiative, which she started with President Barack Obama last year. The initiative strives to provide adolescent girls, particularly in developing countries, 20 education.

 In the European Union, this right has become law. Mario Costeja Gonzalez, a Spanish lawyer, sold his house in an auction in 1998. The sale was advertised in a newspaper, and it mentioned that the proceeds would be used to cover Gonzalez’s unpaid taxes. However，this article could still be found with a Google search of Gonzalea’s name 16 years later. He claimed that not only was this old news no longer relevant, but the search result was also affecting his professional reputation. So, with the help of Spain’s data protection authority, Gonzalez took the case to court. In May 2014, the European Court of Justice ruled that Google had to remove the link. Since then, Google has provided an online form for requests to remove links from its search results. Thousands of people have applied，though almost 60 percent of requests are rejected. 

 One website，Forget.me, helps people fill in these forms. According to the website，most requests are made to remove personal information. A person may ask that their home address or work history be kept private. Other requests, however, are to remove links to indecent photos posted by bitter ex-partners. The former requests are usually rejected, while the latter are always granted. Some of the requests fall into a gray area though，and these muddy the waters because of related issues like privacy, censorship, and the right to free speech. 

 There have been similar cases to Gonzalez’s in other parts of the world. In the Netherlands, a man demanded that Google remove a link to information about a violent crime he had committed. Google refused and the Dutch court upheld the decision，as it was information “of relevant public interest.” However, Google agreed to remove links about someone who，as a teenager, had injured a passenger while drunk driving. Another man managed to get links to an old membership list of a controversial political party removed. The man, whose name was on the list, said that he no longer held those views and that the links to the old list affected his reputation. 

 Making decisions in these cases can be tricky. Clearly, some people deserve to have their privacy protected. However, the right to be forgotten should not become a tool that individuals and companies can use to bury negative publicity. Google is aware of the complications and has set up both an advisory group and a number of public meetings to develop guidelines. The advisors include an ethics professor and the founder of Wikipedia. The issue is a global one，but in the US, the right to be forgotten goes against the country’s right to free speech. The two rights may contradict each other in some circumstances. The right to be forgotten will continue to be debated as the Internet plays an even more indispensable role in people’s lives.

   Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland on August 9, 1896 and began showing an interest in the natural sciences at a very early age. By age 11, he had already started his career as a researcher by writing a short paper on an albino sparrow. 21 While his early career consisted of working in the natural sciences, it was during the 1920s that he began to move toward work as a psychologist. He married Valentine Châtenay in 1923 and the couple went on to have three children. 22 

   Piaget identified himself as a genetic epistemologist. “What the genetic epistemology proposes is discovering the roots of the different varieties of knowledge, since its elementary forms, following to the next levels, including also the scientific knowledge,” he explained in his book Genetic Epistemology. 23 He was interested not only in the nature of thought, but in how it develops and understanding how genetics impact this process. 

  His early work with Binet's intelligence tests had led him to conclude that children think differently than adults. 24 It was this observation that inspired his interest in understanding how knowledge grows throughout childhood. He suggested that children sort the knowledge they acquire through their experiences and interactions into groupings known as schemas. When new information is acquired, it can either be assimilated into existing schemas or accommodated through revising existing schemas or creating an entirely new category of information. 

   25 He studied the intellectual development of his own three children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes. 

(A) His work also generated interest in cognitive and developmental psychology. 

(B) He continued to study the natural sciences and received his Ph.D. in Zoology from University of Neuchâtel in 1918. 

(C) While this is a widely accepted notion today, it was considered revolutionary at the time.

(D) Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the origin, nature, extent and limits of human knowledge. 

(AB) It was Piaget's observations of his own children that served as the basis for many of his later theories. 

(AC) Today, Piaget is best known for his research on children's cognitive development.

(41~46)

     In almost any magazine or newspaper in England, you can

find advertisements for adventure tours to exotic places. These

exciting tours can be bicycling, hiking, or even motorcycle trips

across deserts, over mountains, and around live volcanoes!

Many of these tours are for charity which makes them more

interesting to some people.

    One advertisement offers people a "Bike Ride to Hell and

Back," a 400-kilometer bicycle tour across the lava fields of

Iceland. The advertisement says that the tour is like a ride across

the face of the moon. The organization that put this tour

together is advertising for people who can give time and effort

to raising money for a good cause. For their hard work, these

people will also be able to take the holiday of a lifetime.

    The first thing that people have to do is sign up for the tour.

The number of people who can go on each tour is limited, and

many tours fill up fast. Those who sign up then have to pay a

deposit in order to hold their space on the tour. People cannot

get their money back later if they change their mind, so they had

better be sure they really want to go. The deposit is usually

between£50-250.

    Next, each person must raise a minimum amount of

money for the charity. This money could be anywhere between

£1500,-2500. In order to raise this much money, some people

send letters to friends and relatives asking for help. Other people

have big parties where all of the guests must pay to come to the

party. One farmer even divided up his field into one meter

squares to raise money. People could buy one square of the field

for£1 each. Then the farmer let his cow walk across the field.

Whoever bought the square where the cow dropped its first

''cow patty" won a prize. Surprisingly, the majority of people

who go on the adventure tours end up collecting more than the

minimum money that the charity asks for.

    Some people see a problem with this system of raising

money for charities. They think that it is wrong for part of the

money that people collect to be used to pay for someone’s

holiday. However, charities try to keep the overall cost of the

tours low so that at least 60 or 70% of the money which is raised

goes to the charity. One charity said, "We expect to make an

average profit of £50,000 per trip." This charity typically runs

between 10 to 15 tours each year.

    Do people really want to spend their holiday doing

something like bicycling for 400 kilometers when they could be

resting on a beach? These tours are not for everybody. But the

people who sign up for them all agree that it is a great

experience. After hiking across the Namib Desert, a young

construction worker from London cried as he hugged all of the

other people who had been on the tour with him. Everyone

cried. Most of them never thought that they could take part in

an adventure like that. They had not only finished a difficult hike,

but they had done it for someone else, for the charity.

        For people in Taiwan, sometimes it’s difficult to imagine what a life without enough food would be like. However, as a matter of fact, a great number of people around the world are suffering from hunger. According to a new report just released by the United Nations, almost one in eight people worldwide doesn’t have enough food. The report mentions that around 842 million people, about 12 percent of the world population, suffer from very serious hunger. Though the figure seems dismal, in fact it has gone down from 17 percent in 1992. The U. N. states that lots of countries still fail to find effective ways to feed their people, and Africa is the region with the highest number of undernourished people. To be more precise, in about 19 African nations, more than a quarter of the population goes hungry. Moreover, about 98 percent of the world’s starving people live in developing countries. 

        The term “undernourishment” is defined by the World Food Programme (WFP) as “not having enough food for an active and healthy life” and an inability to “meet dietary energy requirement.” The WFP even claimed that currently hunger is the biggest risk to people’s health around the world. It’s a more severe problem than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.One of the main reasons why so many people are hungry is war, which is evidenced by the fact that the developing countries having experienced war in the past 20 years have much greater difficulty feeding their people. What’s worse, many scientists are worried that the situation may deteriorate due to climate change. In other words, hotter climate in more countries will result in less harvest, which will give rise to more hunger in turn.

 “Breathing in, I see that this body is not me. Breathing out, I am not caught in this body. I am life without limit. I have never been born and I will never die.” The man who taught this, the Vietnamese Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, has died at age 95. __71__ the Dalai Lama, Hanh was arguably the best-known Buddhist in the Western world. He came to the West in 1961 to teach Buddhism, and attained __72__ attention through his opposition to the Vietnam War and friendship with Martin Luther King Jr., who called him an “apostle of __73__ .” Hanh went on to become an author and also started a school of Buddhism largely for Westerners that attracted thousands of adherents.

 Hanh’s greatest contribution to Western thinking was to inject the idea of mindfulness: to be fully conscious in the current moment. He believed mindfulness was the secret not just to happiness __74__ to being authentically alive. Humans have a remarkable ability to exist outside the present moment. Indeed, the quintessential humanness of the mind is the ability to re-run past events and pre-run future scenarios. This is a great blessing, of course, __75__ it allows us to learn maximally from our experiences and effectively practice for the future.