than six languages, he will then be called a hyperpolyglot, a term coined by Richard

Hudson, professor emeritus of linguistics at University College London.

        Numerous theories exist as explanations for polyglotism. For example, it has been

recognized that someone who is interested in languages, with a sufficiently developed

intellect, and who optimizes his/her learning technique with experience, will become

increasingly efficient as each new language is learned; therefore, such an individual is

able to master new languages with less effort than the average person. Also, different

languages overlap in the areas of grammar and vocabulary, and this makes it easier to

acquire connected languages, such as English and French words.

        One theory suggests that a spike in a baby’s testosterone levels while in the uterus

can increase brain asymmetry, while others have suggested that hard work and right type

of motivation—which any adult can apply—are the key factors of polyglotism.

Neuroscientist Katrin Amunts studied the brain of German polyglot Emil Krebs and

determined that the area of Krebes’ brain that was responsible for language—the Broca’s

area—was organized differently in comparison to the brains of monolinguals.

One well-known polyglot is Alexander Arguelles. An American scholar of foreign

languages, Arguelles can read and fluently speak approximately thirty-six languages. In

college, he took classes in French, German, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Medieval

French, Gothic, Old High German, and Old Norse. He claims to have developed

conversational abilities in Swedish, Dutch, and Italian during visits to those countries

while doing research in Europe, Portuguese by conversing with a Brazilian student,

Russian during a month-long stay, and Korean and Arabic during his years of residence

in South Korea and Lebanon. During the first portion of his time in Korea, he also

engaged in the intensive simultaneous autodidactic study of a wide range of languages

including Irish, Persian, Hindi, Turkish, and Swahili.

        On average, Arguelles spends nine hours a day studying dozens of languages. A

typical daily regime may consist of the following: writing and reading in Arabic, then

writing at least two pages each of Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Latin, followed by

reading Persian and writing two pages of Russian grammar before composing in Latin,

doing grammatical exercise in Turkish, trying out a bit of Swahili, and reviewing Irish

conversational dialogues.

        Arguelles is notable not only for his achievements as a polyglot, but also for the

advice and information about autodidactic language study that he provides to language

learners on web forums. He does not maintain that there is any special key to language

learning other than systematic and disciplined hard work over long periods of time.

Among techniques he has advocated are “shadowing”—listening to and simultaneously

echoing a recording of foreign language audio loudly and clearly while walking briskly

rather than sitting, and “scriptorium”—reading aloud while transcribing texts by hand. In

reviewing and evaluating textbooks he tends to favor older and more traditional materials

over contemporary publications. In terms of time management skills he recommends

simultaneous rather than sequential language study.

        Even if you don’t aspire to be a polyglot like Alexander Arguelles or Joseph

Mezzofanti, the 19th century Italian cardinal who could speak 72 languages, giving these

two techniques a try can at least help you acquire a few foreign languages.

Unlike earlier campaign, the 1960 presidential campaign featured a politically innovative and highly 

influential series of televised debates in the contest between the Republicans and the Democrats.  Debates 

that could be viewed by such a wide audience had never before been part of the presidential campaigns, and 

through these debates, the far-reaching medium of television showed how effective it could be in influencing 

the outcome of an election. 

    The two parties to face off in the election selected very different candidates.  John Kennedy, a young 

senator from Massachusetts without much experience and recognition in national politics, established an 

early lead among democratic hopefuls, and was nominated on the first ballot at the Los Angeles convention 

to be representative of the Democratic party in the presidential elections.  The older and more experienced 

Richard Nixon, then serving as vice president of the United States under Eisenhower, received the 

nomination of the Republican party.  Both Nixon and Kennedy campaigned vigorously throughout the 

country and then took the unprecedented step of appearing in face-to-face debates on television. 

    Experts in the politics of presidential elections contend that the debates were a pivotal force in the 

elections.  In front of a viewership of more than 100 million citizens, Kennedy masterfully overcame 

Nixon’s advantage as the better-known and more experienced candidate and reversed the public perception 

of him as too inexperienced and immature for presidency.  In an election that was extremely close, it was 

perhaps these debates that brought victory to Kennedy.