Many diseases that doctors thought had almost disappeared are now making a comeback. (26) An NHS spokesperson said that tuberculosis is now more common in England than it is in less developed countries such as Rwanda, Iraq, and Guatemala. (27) In 2013, it killed 1.5 million people worldwide, and that number is rising. Tuberculosis largely affects very poor people. It is an infectious disease that affects the lungs. (28) Researchers say that many of the diseases that are making a comeback are both preventable and treatable. (29) The number of elderly who have to go without  food has doubled in the past three years. (30) A UK doctor said she did not understand why society wasn't doing more to fight TB and that there needed to be a bigger focus on better nutrition and proper medicine. 

(A) Its symptoms include bad coughs, fever, weight loss and sweating. 

(B) Britain's National Health Service has reported a serious rise in the number of people with diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, measles and whooping cough. 

(C) This is putting these old people in greater danger of getting TB. 

(D) Tuberculosis can be cured by offering patients with antibiotics . 

(E) One big problem in England is that tuberculosis is affecting old people who have malnutrition – they do not have enough to eat. 

(AB) Tuberculosis is also increasing across the globe.

(33~36)

     _(33)_.Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual.

    _(34)_. Their basic assumption is that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that individual differences are due to each person's unique genetic code. In general, the earlier a particular ability appears, the more likely it is to be under the influence of genetic factors. Characteristics and differences not observable at birth, but emerginglater in life, are regarded as the product of maturation. The classic example of the way this affects our physical development is the bodily change that occurs in early adolescence at puberty. However these researchersalso argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy, language acquisition and even cognitive developmentas a whole. 

   _(35)_. Their basic assumption is that at birth the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of experience. From this point of view psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. For example, when an infant forms an attachmentit is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilization within which the child is reared. 

   _(36)_. There are simply too many “facts” on both sides of the argument which are inconsistent with an “all or nothing” view. So instead of asking whether child development is down to nature or nurture the question has been reformulated as “How much?” That is to say, given that heredity and environment both influence the person we become, which is the more important?

        We’re only beginning to understand why we sleep to begin with, but we do know it’s essential. Adults need seven to eight hours a night, and adolescents need about ten. We grow sleepy due to signals from our body telling our brain we are tired, and signals from the environment telling us it's dark outside. The __(3)__ in sleep-inducing chemicals, like adenosine and melatonin, send us into a light__(4)__ that grows deeper, making our breathing and heart rate slow down and our muscles relax. This non-REM sleep is when DNA is repaired and our bodies__ (5)__ themselves for the day ahead. 

        In the United States, it's estimated that 30% of adults and 66% of adolescents are regularly sleep-deprived. This isn't just a minor__ (6)__ . Staying awake can cause serious bodily harm. When we lose sleep, learning, memory, mood, and reaction time are affected. Sleeplessness may also cause inflammation, hallucinations, high blood pressure, and it's even been linked to diabetes and obesity. In 2014, a__ (7)__ soccer fan died after staying awake for 48 hours to watch the World Cup. While his untimely death was due to a stroke, studies show that __(8)__ sleeping fewer than six hours a night increases stroke risk by four and half times compared to those getting a__ (9)__ seven to eight hours of shuteye. For a handful of people on the planet who carry a rare inherited genetic mutation, sleeplessness is a daily reality. This __(10)__ , known as Fatal Familial Insomnia, places the body in a nightmarish state of wakefulness, forbidding it from entering the __(11)__ of sleep. Within months or years, this__ (12)__ worsening condition leads to dementia and death. 

        How can sleep deprivation cause such __(13)__ suffering? Scientists think the answer lies with the accumulation of waste products in the brain. During our waking hours, our cells are busy using up our day's energy sources, which get broken down into various__ (14)__ , including - 2 - adenosine. As adenosine builds up, it increases the __(15)__ to sleep, also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by blocking adenosine's receptor pathways. Other waste products also build up in the brain. If they're not cleared away, they collectively overload the brain and are thought to lead to the many negative symptoms of sleep deprivation.

        So, what's happening in our brain when we sleep to prevent this? Scientists found something called the lymphatic system, a clean-up mechanism that removes this buildup and is much more active when we're asleep. It works by using cerebrospinal fluid to__ (16)__ away toxic byproducts that accumulate between cells. Lymphatic vessels, which__ (17)__ as pathways for immune cells, have recently been discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in clearing out the brain's daily waste products. While scientists continue exploring the restorative __(18)__ behind sleep, we can be sure that slipping into __(19)__ is a necessity if we want to maintain our health and our sanity. 

 (AB) byproducts (AC) mechanisms (AD) condition(AE) consistent (BC) chronically (BD) devoted (BE) doze (CD) flush(CE) identify (DE) inconvenience (ABC) imbalance(ABD) immense (ABE) replenish (BCD) rise (BCE) sanctuary (BDE) serve (CDE) slumber (ABCD) progressively (ABCE) urge