Coral bleaches when the water it’s in is too warm for too long. _(37)_. Without the colourful algae, the coral flesh becomes transparent, revealing the stark white skeleton beneath. 

   And because the algae provides the coral with 90% of its energy,it begins to starve. Unless _(38)_, the coral dies and gets taken over by a blanket of seaweed. Once that happens it can take a decade for the coral to recover – and even then that recovery depends on the reef not being hit by other stressors such as water pollution.

   The thick seaweed is a sign of extreme ecosystem meltdown.Fish can no longer use the coral structure as shelter – blocked by the plants – and before long _(39)_, leaving little chance of full recovery within the next 10 years.

   When the coral dies, the entire ecosystem around it transforms.Fish that feed on the coral, use it as shelter, or nibble on the algae that grows among it die or move away. _(40)_ too. But the cascading

effects don’t stop there. Birds that eat fish lose their energy source,and island plants that thrive on bird droppings can be depleted. And,of course, people who rely on reefs for food, income or shelter from waves –some half a billion people worldwide –lose their vital resource.

A. The UK education system is failing to produce enough students with foreign language skills, an indispensable tool for the study of history. Research published in June this year by the Confederation of British Industry revealed that one in five schools in England had a persistently low take-up of languages, after what the government is describing as “a decade of damaging decline.” This slump has taken its toll on the university system. In the past 15 years more than a third of UK universities stopped offering specialist modern European language degrees, arguing that rigorous marking at A-level had deterred teenagers from studying languages at school.

   The same period of time has witnessed the “rise of the machine translators.” In 2006 Google launched its pioneering “Google Translate” service, offering instant on-screen translations between English and Modern Standard Arabic. Today Google offers translation services in and out of more than 70 languages, meeting the needs of the monolingual student generation with ever increasing efficiency and popularity. However, the one-dimensionality of machine translation restricts the response of the on-screen polyglot to a singular, literal definition of each word or phrase. Mistranslations across the widest cultural gulfs abound.

   The problem lies in the machine’s inability to consider the cultural context that gives each word its meaning. The French idiom se taper le cul par terre, for example, is understood by every Francophone as “to laugh heartily” and has little to do with the literal definition offered by Google – “ass banging on the floor.” The dangers inherent in this acultural approach to foreign source material did not begin with the invention of the robotic interpreter. Some of history’s most ambitious translation projects have failed just as miserably to notice or bridge the cultural gap between what is said and what is meant.

   The Christian preoccupation with Muslim belief, which became obsessive during the Crusades, resulted in the first European attempts to make sense of the Quran. Arabic-to-Latin translation services were in no short supply. Centuries of Arab astronomy and mathematics had made Arabic-Latin bilingualism a matter of scientific necessity. Yet, whether out of ignorance or hostility, these early Christian translations were often woefully devoid of cultural understanding. In this most nuanced of subject areas, a singular or literal interpretation is often the most damaging or damning. The first western attempts to make sense of this notoriously complex source, therefore, offer some valuable lessons to the upcoming Google Translate generation.