第二篇：

　　The Inuit, however, have managed to survive in this _____38_____ environment for thousands of years. In order to survive, they _____39_____ their way of living. Their housing, clothing, and transportation exactly suited the conditions in the Arctic. 

　　Since nothing grew in the Arctic, the Inuit hunted and fished. In the winter, they hunted for _____40_____ such as polar bears and seals on the ice. In the summer, they fished and hunted for whales. The Inuit used every part of the animal for food, to make clothes, to build boats and houses, and even to provide heat.

Passage two

A global "population explosion" brought to the postwar world a multitude of social problems. Symptoms of underlying social tensions were such disquieting contemporary phenomena as youth in revolt and upsurging crime. The postwar years in America were marked by a curious mix of idealism and materialism. One striking example was the concurrent rise in both church membership and secularization. Despite a record of unexampled physical growth, America found itself facing a host of danger signals, including depletion of natural resources, health hazards, a creaking governmental structure, and an overburdened educational system. America's submerged minorities had achieved genuine progress, but the goal of a fully integrated society had not been attained. High on the agenda of unfinished business stood the incongruity of affluence for the majority of Americans while large minorities remained in poverty. Once a revolutionary force in a world of conservatism, America had become a conservative force in a world of revolution. Yet America remained the world's last and perhaps still the best hope for freedom.

  Global warming is expected to affect agriculture in every part of the world but it will have greater impact in the tropics and subtropics, where crops are less able to adapt to climate change and food shortages are already starting to occur due to rapid population growth.

  Scientists at Stanford University and the University of Washington discovered that by 2100 there is a 90 percent chance that the coolest temperatures in the tropics during the growing season will be higher than the hottest temperatures recorded in those regions through 2006. Even more temperate parts of the world can expect to see previously record-high temperatures become the norm. 

  With the world population expected to double by the end of the century, the need for food will become increasingly urgent as rising temperatures force nations to retool their approach to agriculture, create new climate-resistant crops, and develop additional strategies to ensure an adequate food supply for their people. 

  All of that could take decades, according to Rosamond Naylor, who is director of food security and the environment at Stanford. Meanwhile, people will have fewer and fewer places to turn for food when their local supplies begin to run dry

   In the late 1910s, behavioral scientist John B. Watson was studying whether emotional reactions could be conditioned in humans, after the manner of Pavlov’s dogs. One of his subjects was a baby named Albert, aged nine months. Albert was exposed to a series of stimuli, including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers. Initially, Albert showed no fear of any of these objects. Then, as Albert was exposed to the rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer, whereupon Albert cried. After being repeatedly presented the white rat followed by the loud noise, Albert began to cry as soon as he saw the rat.

   Watson must have conducted the experiment many times because he collected enough data to discover that not only did the kid cry at white rats, but he also began to cry at anything that might possibly look like a rat, including a variety of white objects and an equally large assortment of furry objects (including, at one point, a Santa Claus beard). Even those objects which he had previously played with began to frighten him if they bore any resemblance to a rat (or if they were handed to him by a man wielding a hammer).

   Watson didn’t bother to decondition Little Albert at the end of the experiment, and it is unknown whether his fear of white rats, loud noises, or psychologists remained with him. Sadly, Albert died at the age of six. It is unknown whether his mother, who was paid a grand total of $1 for his participation, ever realized what they were doing when they came to play with her son.

　　Turning China’s economy in a different direction will be a long-term challenge. And many provincial governments may resist. “Local government officials won’t be happy with this idea,” says Li. Local authorities chase quantifiable achievements that come with making and building things. Most serve threeto five-year terms in office, so they want to see the kind of tangible results that lead to promotions—more factories, rising exports. 

　　Li says that Beijing may have to choose between “slower economic growth with high quality, or rapid economic growth with low quality.” That’s an unappealing trade-off in a nation that must generate at least 17 million new jobs every year for young people entering the work force. It needs to balance feeding people adequately while doing a good job of environmental protection. To succeed at that task, Hu and his Politburo colleagues may well be hoping for a second economic miracle.