Robert Stroud (1890－1963) was an American prisoner who reared and sold birds and became an ornithologist while in prison. He became known as the “Birdman of Alcatraz.” Despite this 21 , he actually kept birds only at Leavenworth Prison, before he was transferred to Alcatraz. 

    Stroud is one of the most notorious criminals in American history. He was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by hanging in 1916. His mother desperately 22 for his life. Finally, in 1920, President Woodrow Wilson changed his death sentence to life 23 without parole. But because of Stroud’s unpredictable and violent outbursts, the warden directed that Stroud be placed in a 24 unit to live out his sentence in total isolation. 

     While at Leavenworth (1912－1942), Stroud developed a 25 interest in birds after finding an injured sparrow in the prison yard. He was given a special right to 26 birds and maintain a lab inside his two prison cells. It was felt that this activity would allow for productive use of his time. As a result of this 27 , Stroud was able to author two books on canaries and their diseases. He had raised nearly 300 birds in his cells, carefully studying their habits and physiology. He even developed and marketed medicines for various kinds of bird 28 . Although it is widely debated whether the remedies he developed were 29 , Stroud was able to make scientific observations that would later benefit research on the canary species. 

    In 1942, Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz. He spent the next seventeen years there, but was not allowed to keep pets. While there, he wrote two more manuscripts, but these were never published because it was 30 by the prison authorities. In 1963, he died in a medical center in Missouri.

 (AB) keen (AC) breed (AD) release (AE) banned (BC) supportive (BD) imprisonment (BE) illness (CD) separated (CE) nickname (DE) effective (ABC) pleaded (ABD) privilege

      Early civilizations often built drainage systems in urban areas to handle rainwater that ran down the street during a storm. The Romans constructed elaborate systems that also drained wastewater from the public baths. However, as the population of the cities grew, the old drainage systems became overloaded. During the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing waste was added to sewage, which increased the need for more efficient sewage treatment. In the mid-19^th century, the first steps were taken to treat wastewater. 

     Sewage or wastewater treatment in modern times is the process of removing harmful physical, chemical, and biological elements from wastewater and house sewage. The whole process starts with screening out large objects such as paper and wood, and removing heavy materials like dirt. The screened wastewater is then ready to go through a series of concrete tanks for further treatment. In the second step, the sewage passes into the primary tanks. Here, human waste, called sludge, settles to the bottom while oils and grease float to the top, where they are collected. At the same time, organic matter like eggshells or coffee grounds in the sewage is broken down into smaller substances. The remaining sewage then enters the secondary tanks for the third stage of treatment. The solids that were not treated in the primary tanks are removed here through decomposition, which digests the material. Then, the liquid sewage is filtered through sand. This filtering process gets rid of almost all bacteria, as well as other solid particles that remain in the water. Finally, the wastewater flows into the last tanks, where the chemical chlorine is added to kill the remaining bacteria. After the bacteria are destroyed, the chlorine is eliminated from the water, and the treated clean water is discharged into a river or the ocean.

       London is the most diverse city in the world, with more than 300 languages    16    in the city and  people of 50 nationalities    17    there. What are the causes underlying London’s ethnic diversity? One is that London is a business center so that people all over the world come here to find jobs and    18    money. But the cause that makes people    19    in London is language, because they want their children to build up the    20    in English, which is a great gift and advantage in the global context.    21    cause is surprising. Londoners tend to leave people    22   , and this gives newcomers much space to live their own lives. Finally, food is also an important cause bringing people all over the world to London. Londoner’s    23    for foreign food creates    24    of job for new communities, which invites more foreigners, and at the same time more foreign    25    , into the city.

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        Generous billionaires are not hard to come by, but it is definitely a challenge to find a billionaire who spends all his fortune on charity just to end up broke. __31__

         Feeney, who grew up in a poor neighborhood of New Jersey, is a genius at finding business opportunities. Since childhood, he would take any job to make a few cents for his family—jobs like distributing umbrellas in summer and selling Christmas cards in winter. In his college years at Cornell University, he sold home-made sandwiches to other students and is still remembered there as the Sandwich Man. Then, in the 1960s, Feeney established airport retailer Duty Free Shoppers (DFS), which helped him reach his billionaire status by the 1980s. __32__ He lived modestly, and often pondered what to do with all the money he made. 

         Influenced by his upbringing, Feeney decided to give away all his money to those in need in his lifetime. In 1984, the then 53-year-old Feeney signed over everything—his DFS shares and the various businesses and properties he had acquired worldwide—to Atlantic Philanthropies, a charity foundation he established. In the following decades, Feeney donated through the organization more than $8 billion anonymously, to charities, universities, human rights campaigns, and foundations worldwide. __33__
         Pioneering the idea of “Giving while Living,” Feeney is a role model for many famous billionaires today, including Bill Gates and Warren Buffet. __34__ In September 2020, Feeney’s go-for-broke mission was completed, and he now lives happily with his wife on a pension in a modest apartment in San Francisco.

        Airline passengers may have noticed that all plane windows have rounded edges, instead of the hard corners commonly found in our house. The round windows are indeed pleasant to the eye, but they actually were designed for reasons __16__ aesthetics.
         In the early days of aviation, plane windows __17__ square in shape. Then as commercial air travel became popular in the 1950s and airplanes began flying higher and faster, three planes mysteriously broke apart in midair. The cause? Square windows. Scientists found that sharp corners are natural weak spots where stress concentrates. The problem is __18__ when airplanes fly at higher altitudes, where the difference between the inside and outside pressure increases, causing added stress. When subjected to repeated pressurization high in the sky, the four corners on a square window may __19__ .

        Curved windows, on the other hand, distribute stress around more evenly, reducing the likelihood of cracks or breaks. Circular shapes are also stronger and resist deformation, and therefore can 20 extreme differences in pressure inside and outside of an aircraft. 

        Thus, round windows are a major safety innovation that keeps planes from disintegrating mid-flight. They are also used on ships and spacecraft for their greater structural integrity.

    Today, we all know that we should wash our hands to stop the    27    of disease. But this idea was not always accepted by   28   in the past. In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis worked in a hospital. At that time, childbirth was dangerous for women. Many women had a deadly infection   29   childbed fever after giving birth. Everyone was afraid   30   it, and nobody knew what caused it. Ignaz   31   that doctors often did autopsies before helping with childbirth while the midwives never did this. He   32   to suspect that the infection was spread from dead bodies through touch. He ordered hospital workers to wash their hands after autopsies. Soon, the rate of childbed fever dropped   33   the hospital. However, when Ignaz told other doctors about the importance of washing hands, they didn’t agree. Back then, they had not even discovered   34   yet. The doctors thought that washing hands had nothing to do with avoiding infection. Ignaz got angry with people’s responses. He was so rude to those 35 disagreed with him that he got himself fired. He ended up in a mental hospital, 36 he died two weeks later from an infection like the one that had cost him his career.

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