第 31 至 34 題為題組 

          Copernicus, founder of modern astronomy, was born in 1473 to a well-to-do merchant family in Torun, Poland. He was sent off to attend university in Italy, studying mathematics and optics, and canon law. Returning from his studies abroad, Copernicus was appointed to an administrative position in the cathedral of Frauenburg. There he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.               

         __31__ He made his observations from a tower situated on the protective wall around the cathedral. His observations were made with the “bare eyeball,” so to speak, as a hundred years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. In 1530, Copernicus completed his famous work De Revolutionibus, which later played a major role in changing the philosophical view of humankind’s place in the universe. __32__ 

          Copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work would cause. In his book, he asserted that the Earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the Sun once yearly. __33__ People then regarded the Earth as stationary, situated at the center of the universe, with the Sun and all the planets revolving around it. Copernicus’ theory challenged the long-held belief that God created the Heavens and the Earth, and could overturn the core values of the Catholic world. Religious leader Martin Luther voiced his opposition to the sun-centered system model. Other ministers quickly followed suit, saying of Copernicus, “This fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down.” 

          Ironically, Copernicus had dedicated his work to Pope Paul III. __34__ The Church ultimately banned De Revolutionibus, and the book remained on the list of forbidden reading material for nearly three centuries thereafter.

     What if you get lost in the wild? Are you doomed to say goodbye to
your family and friends? Not necessarily! You can have the better chance for survival __14__ you follow the suggestions. First of all, stay calm. Do not panic. Instead, think over what to do and what not to do. Then get rid of the idea of seeking food. Human beings can live without food for several weeks.
In fact, the enough amount of water should be the first concern. 

    Next, keep your body warm. There is no building for you to live in the wild； __15_ , try to collect as many sticks and leaves as possible and arrange them in the shape of a bed. With the temporary shelter, you can get the protection and then can __16__ the change in the temperature outside.
    __17__ the fear of freezing to death, another threat can come from the wildlife. Take poisonous snakes or well-built bears for example. Both of __18__ could leave you in danger. Remember you never suck out the poison when bitten by the snake because the bacteria may cause the infection. Or, if
you’re __19__ enough to meet the bear, slowly walk in the opposite direction
of the bear while keeping your eyes on it. 

    It’s impossible to list all the skills for surviving the __20__ situation. Thus, besides __21__ the pieces of advice __21__, keep your fingers crossed!

   The All Blacks, New Zealand’s national rugby team, is widely credited for bringing the “haka” to the world stage. Immediately before kick-off, the whole team will issue a warlike chant, stamping their feet, slapping their thighs, rolling their eyes, flicking their tongues, and making aggressive gestures in unison. This performance before each match, which is intended to heighten their morale and intimidate opponents, is a sight to behold. No other international sporting team possesses a pre-match ritual as powerful as the famed All Blacks haka. 

   What does “haka” mean? Haka is often thought of as a broad term for Māori war dances traditionally used to intimidate the enemy and prepare the warriors for battle. Most people believe it was performed either on the battlefield prior to engaging the enemy, or as the warriors were leaving their own village en route to a battle. But in the language of Māori, the word haka simply means a dance. The dance is accompanied by a chant that expresses emotions or tells ancient stories. While many haka should be performed by males, there are some haka that can be performed by anyone, male or female. There are even some women-only haka. 

   Thanks to the All Blacks, two of the haka have become widely renowned: Ka Mate and Kapa o Pango. The former was composed by a Māori chief in the early 1800s about how he outsmarted his enemies. It was first performed by the All Blacks in 1906. The latter was written specifically for the team in 2005. They are now performed interchangeably by the All Blacks. 

   Today, different varieties of haka are performed on various ceremonial occasions—from receiving distinguished guests to birthdays, weddings, or the funerals of chiefs and people of high status. Though the practice had traditionally been limited to Māori communities, it has now spread far beyond that. Māori and New Zealanders of European heritage alike view doing the haka with a sense of pride, both on the rugby field and outside it. The haka has become the most recognizable symbol of New Zealanders as a people.

  Robert Stroud (1890－1963) was an American prisoner who reared and sold birds and became an ornithologist while in prison. He became known as the “Birdman of Alcatraz.” Despite this 21 , he actually kept birds only at Leavenworth Prison, before he was transferred to Alcatraz. 

    Stroud is one of the most notorious criminals in American history. He was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by hanging in 1916. His mother desperately 22 for his life. Finally, in 1920, President Woodrow Wilson changed his death sentence to life 23 without parole. But because of Stroud’s unpredictable and violent outbursts, the warden directed that Stroud be placed in a 24 unit to live out his sentence in total isolation. 

     While at Leavenworth (1912－1942), Stroud developed a 25 interest in birds after finding an injured sparrow in the prison yard. He was given a special right to 26 birds and maintain a lab inside his two prison cells. It was felt that this activity would allow for productive use of his time. As a result of this 27 , Stroud was able to author two books on canaries and their diseases. He had raised nearly 300 birds in his cells, carefully studying their habits and physiology. He even developed and marketed medicines for various kinds of bird 28 . Although it is widely debated whether the remedies he developed were 29 , Stroud was able to make scientific observations that would later benefit research on the canary species. 

    In 1942, Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz. He spent the next seventeen years there, but was not allowed to keep pets. While there, he wrote two more manuscripts, but these were never published because it was 30 by the prison authorities. In 1963, he died in a medical center in Missouri.

 (AB) keen (AC) breed (AD) release (AE) banned (BC) supportive (BD) imprisonment (BE) illness (CD) separated (CE) nickname (DE) effective (ABC) pleaded (ABD) privilege

         Generally there are two ways to name typhoons: the number-based convention and the list-based convention. Following the number-based convention, typhoons are coded with __21__ types of numbers such as a 4-digit or a 6-digit code. For example, the 14th typhoon in 2003 can be labeled either as Typhoon 0314 or Typhoon 200314. The __22__ of this convention, however, is that a number is hard to remember. The list-based convention, on the other hand, is based on the list of typhoon names compiled in advance by a committee, and is more widely used. 

         At the very beginning, only __23__ names were used because at that time typhoons were named after girlfriends or wives of the experts on the committee. In 1979, however, male names were also included because women protested against the original naming __24__ for reasons of gender equality. 

        In Asia, Western names were used until 2000 when the committee decided to use Asian names to __25__ Asians’ awareness of typhoons. The names were chosen from a name pool __26__ of 140 names, 10 each from the 14 members of the committee. Each country has its unique naming preferences. Korea and Japan __27__ animal names and China likes names of gods such as Longwang (dragon king) and Fengshen (god of the wind). 

        After the 140 names are all used in order, they will be __28__. But the names can be changed. If a member country suffers great damage from a certain typhoon, it can __29__ that the name of the typhoon be deleted from the list at the annual committee meeting. For example, the names of Nabi by South Korea, and Longwang by China were __30__ with other names in 2007. The deletion of both names was due to the severe damage caused by the typhoons bearing the names. 

(AB) request (AC) favor (AD) disadvantage (AE) composed (BC) recycled (BD) practice (BE) replaced (CD) raise (CE) various (DE) female

         Tempeh (or tempe), a traditional soy product from Indonesia, is hailed as the country’s “gift to the world,” like kimchi from Korea or miso from Japan. 

          A stable, cheap source of protein in Indonesia for centuries, tempeh is a fermented food originating from the island of Java. It was discovered during tofu production when discarded soybean residue caught microbial spores from the air and grew certain whitish fungi around it. When this fermented residue was found to be edible and tasty, people began producing it at home for daily consumption across the country. This has given rise to many variations in its flavor and texture throughout different Indonesian regions. 

         Tempeh is high in protein and low in fat, and contains a host of vitamins. In fact, it is the only reported plant-based source of vitamin B12. Apart from being able to help reduce cholesterol, increase bone density, and promote muscle recovery, tempeh has a lot of polyphenols that protect skin cells and slow down the aging process. Best of all, with the same protein quality as meat and the ability to take on many flavors and textures, tempeh is a great meat substitute—something the vegetarian and vegan communities have been quick in adopting. 

          In addition to its highly nutritional makeup, tempeh has diverse preparation possibilities. It can be served as a main course (usually in curries) or a side dish to be eaten with rice, as a deep-fried snack, or even blended into smoothies and healthy juices. Though not yet a popular food among international diners, you may find tempeh-substituted BLTs (bacon, lettuce, tomato sandwiches) in San Francisco as easily as you can find vegetarian burgers with tempeh patties in Bali. 

         For the people of Indonesia, tempeh is not just food but also has cultural value. With the Indonesian traditional fabric batik being recognized by UNESCO as “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity,” tempeh has great potential for this honor as well.

        While Dr. Weinstein, a surgeon at Dartmouth College, was trying to lift a heavy box, he twisted his back. The pain was agonizing. The surgeon could not sit, and when he lay down he could barely get up. So he decided to go out for a run. He took an aspirin, iced the injured area, and off he went. When he returned, he felt “pretty good.” 

       __31__ When people have sprained a muscle or tendon, they are usually advised not to go right back to exercising until the pain goes away. But Dr. Weinstein says that approach is outdated and counterproductive. In fact, when active people consult him, he usually tells them to just keep exercising.        Dr. Weinstein is not alone in his treatment of sports injury, but the specific advice can differ from specialist to specialist. __32__ They nevertheless caution that a cutback may be necessary, such as running shorter distances or going more slowly. Others say the patients may need to engage in sports outside of their usual, main sport (that is, to cross-train), at least some of the time. Still others say the safest thing to do is cross-train all the time until the pain is gone. __33__ Their consensus, however, is that unless the injury involves something as serious as a broken bone or a ripped muscle, moderate exercise can actually speed healing. 

       __34__ Thus, more and more patients are now advised to keep moving despite the pain. The rule of thumb, however, is to see a doctor first and get an accurate diagnosis. If a serious injury is ruled out and the pain is not getting worse after exercising, then the exercise “makes a lot of sense.” 

(A) For example, an injured runner might end up cycling and swimming instead of running.
(B) Over time, researchers have come to realize the importance of exercising when injured.
(C) Many suggest that most patients can continue with the sport they love.
(D) This seems to run counter to the common practice.

    Today, we all know that we should wash our hands to stop the    27    of disease. But this idea was not always accepted by   28   in the past. In 1846, Ignaz Semmelweis worked in a hospital. At that time, childbirth was dangerous for women. Many women had a deadly infection   29   childbed fever after giving birth. Everyone was afraid   30   it, and nobody knew what caused it. Ignaz   31   that doctors often did autopsies before helping with childbirth while the midwives never did this. He   32   to suspect that the infection was spread from dead bodies through touch. He ordered hospital workers to wash their hands after autopsies. Soon, the rate of childbed fever dropped   33   the hospital. However, when Ignaz told other doctors about the importance of washing hands, they didn’t agree. Back then, they had not even discovered   34   yet. The doctors thought that washing hands had nothing to do with avoiding infection. Ignaz got angry with people’s responses. He was so rude to those 35 disagreed with him that he got himself fired. He ended up in a mental hospital, 36 he died two weeks later from an infection like the one that had cost him his career.

(AB) who (AC) scientists (AD) where (AE) called (BC) of (BD) spread (BE) throughout (CD) noticed (CE) began (DE) germs

        In 2020, Petur Oddsson, a power station worker in Iceland, was struck by a 60,000-volt current. The electrical shock burned almost half of his body and melted layers of his skin off. Such deep and extensive burns can be fatal. But Oddsson’s life was saved by a creative invention: transplanting codfish skins onto human bodies. 

       A triumph for medical technology, Oddsson’s fish skin transplantation was actually part of the astonishing achievement of “100% Fish,” an ambitious task in promoting environmental efficiency. The Icelandic project, from which this pioneering procedure emerged, strives for making a fundamental change in the marine industry. It aims to encourage full utilization of each fish caught, and to strengthen innovation in seafood products. 

       Reducing waste of fish catch has become a serious issue today, when many countries are faced with food crises. According to a 2003 study, about 60% of a codfish caught in Iceland was lost or wasted during the production process for human consumption. Under the guidance of 100% Fish, however, Icelanders are now using almost 95% of a cod. Cod skin, for example, is made into calcium supplement and energy drinks, and even as material for skin transplantation as in Oddsson’s case. Dried fish heads and spines are exported to West Africa, where they are used as the base of a protein-rich soup. Other groundbreaking products, including Omega-3 capsules, cold virus pretreatment sprays, and dog snacks are made from what was once cod catch detritus. 

       The Icelandic success is accomplished largely through cooperative efforts across various industries. 100% Fish takes the initiative to show seafood companies the importance of collaboration, and facilitate valuable connections between fishing companies and other participants of the project, including academia, start-ups, and research and development teams. By sharing knowledge and information, the different sectors are able to come up with improved processing and handling, through which creation of various innovative products was made possible. The project not only helps Icelanders to get 30% more value from each cod than most developed countries, but also provides an effective model to promote resource efficiency worldwide.

第 35 至 38 題為題組 

(AB) recognized (AC) determine (AD) sound (AE) trouble (BC) comprehension (BD) ground (BE) right (CD) converse (CE)similar (DE) prestigious (ABC) distinguish (ABD) particular

第 11 至 15 題為題組 

       Mystery shoppers are paid consumers who are hired to shop in stores and collect data. They are sent to a wide variety of service-based businesses, including stores, restaurants, and banks—potentially anywhere customers are served. Sometimes referred to as secret shoppers, mystery shoppers__11__ regular customers to purchase items, eat in restaurants, make inquiries, or return items. They grade and report on the quality of products, customer service, and environment of the stores __12__ they are assigned. 

        When evaluating a business, mystery shoppers have to follow certain standard procedures to avoid __13__ . They are often given a checklist that provides directions on what to observe or look out for to ensure consistency. Sometimes these shoppers collect data about their “normal” observations, such as cleanliness of the store or timeliness of the service. They may also pretend to be __14__ customers, arguing with a salesperson without a good reason. With the data they collect, mystery shoppers can identify areas for __15__ and thereby help enhance the quality of products and services. In this way, these secret shoppers may help a business gain a competitive edge.

        Airline passengers may have noticed that all plane windows have rounded edges, instead of the hard corners commonly found in our house. The round windows are indeed pleasant to the eye, but they actually were designed for reasons __16__ aesthetics.
         In the early days of aviation, plane windows __17__ square in shape. Then as commercial air travel became popular in the 1950s and airplanes began flying higher and faster, three planes mysteriously broke apart in midair. The cause? Square windows. Scientists found that sharp corners are natural weak spots where stress concentrates. The problem is __18__ when airplanes fly at higher altitudes, where the difference between the inside and outside pressure increases, causing added stress. When subjected to repeated pressurization high in the sky, the four corners on a square window may __19__ .

        Curved windows, on the other hand, distribute stress around more evenly, reducing the likelihood of cracks or breaks. Circular shapes are also stronger and resist deformation, and therefore can 20 extreme differences in pressure inside and outside of an aircraft. 

        Thus, round windows are a major safety innovation that keeps planes from disintegrating mid-flight. They are also used on ships and spacecraft for their greater structural integrity.

        A hard hat is a helmet used mostly at worksites to protect the head from injuries due to falling objects. Since its introduction in the early 20th century, the headgear has saved countless lives and is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers. 

       The hard hat was invented in 1919 by Edward W. Bullard, who had just returned from World War I. Before the war, workers used to smear their hats with coal tar for protection of their head. Bullard, having witnessed the life-saving power of the metal helmet in the War, decided to produce a head protection device that was affordable for every worker and lightweight enough to be worn all day long. The Hard Boiled Hat was thus born, using steamed canvas and leather, covered with black paint, and featuring a suspension system to reduce impact. Soon, hard hats became widely used. The headgear was later made mandatory at construction sites in major construction projects, such as the Hoover Dam in 1931 and the Golden Gate Bridge in 1933. 

        Over the past century, hard hats have advanced considerably, evolving from canvas and leather to aluminum, fiberglass, and, eventually, to thermoplastic. Recently, new models have been introduced and accessories added to meet the needs of laborers working on various job sites. For instance, a ventilated hard hat was developed to keep wearers cooler, and see-through face shields were attached to better see the hazards lurking above. Today, attachments include radios, sensors, cameras, and a lot more. A common color code has also been developed for recognizing people and their roles on site. Yellow is used for general laborers and contractors, white (or sometimes black) for supervisors and managers, and green for inspectors and new workers. 

        New products continue to expand the market. Global sales of hard hats totaled USD 2.1 billion in 2016, and are expected to reach USD 3.19 billion in 2025.

第 21 至 30 題為題組 

        A stunt person is a man or a woman who performs dangerous acts, usually in the television or movie industry. In this line of work, the person is paid to do daring actions that are deemed too __21__ for the regular actor to perform, including jumping from heights, crashing cars, or fighting with weapons. 

       Stunt work emerged out of __22__ over time. In the early days of the film industry, actors themselves shot acrobatic acts and dangerous scenes, until they began to get injured. There were, however, no __23__ crew members to perform impressive stunts at that time. If something dangerous needed to be done for a scene, the producers would hire anyone crazy or desperate enough to do it. These people were not trained to perform stunts, so they often __24__ things for the first time during the actual shooting. They had to learn from their own mistakes, which __25__ some their lives, and almost all suffered light or severe injuries. 

        Beginning around 1910, audiences developed a taste for serial action movies, which __26__ the use of dedicated stunt people to perform in dangerous scenes. Such demand increased with the rise of western movies, and many cowboys with masterful skills on horseback found a new __27__ as a stunt person. Tom Mix and Yakima Canutt were among the most famous. The 1960s and ’70s __28__ the development of most modern stunt technology, like air rams and bullet squibs. That technology has continued to evolve into the present. 

         Today, CGI (computer generated imagery) is widely used in filmmaking, and it is now __29__ to create very lifelike scenes without using real stunt people. However, CGI has difficulties of its own, and there will always be a demand for the realism and thrilling __30__ of an actual stunt. So the stunt industry is probably in no immediate danger of dying off.

 (AB) possible (AC) sensation (AD) risky (AE) cost (BC) witnessed (BD) professional (BE) called for (CD) tried out (CE) necessity (DE) career