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 A glacier is a large accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, and often liquid water that originates on land and moves downslope under the influence of gravity. Over multiple decades, this continuing accumulation of snow results__ 1__ the presence of a large mass of snow for the glacier process to begin. Twenty thousand years ago, the Earth was held by probing fingers of ice that drew power from freezing places in the north and crept southwestward to __2__ forests, fields, and mountains.__3__ decreased rapidly and land surfaces in many parts of the world were depressed by the weight of the pushing ice. At the same time, so much water was drawn from the oceans to form these glaciers that sea levels around the world __4__ by three hundred and fifty feet, and large areas of the continental shelf became dry land. This period of the Earth’s history has come to be called the Ice Age. About eleven million square miles of land were covered with ice. The Ice Age__5__ about fourteen thousand years ago when the ice sheets began to cease. It took about seven thousand years for the ice to retreat to its present level.

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Do you feel reluctant to ask someone for a seat if you struggle to stand safely when riding the train? In some countries, a sign with a letter “P” inside a blue triangle __6__ priority seats, which are often located close to the doors. With the new priority seating card, patrons can demonstrate their need for a priority seat by __7__ presenting the card to someone already occupying one. The purpose of the card is to provide passengers with a range of situations that make it difficult for them to stand the confidence to ask other passengers to give up their priority seats. Someone’s need for a seat may not be obvious. For example, they may have a hidden disability or be in the early stages of pregnancy. Successful applicants will __8__ with a priority seating card, which they can display to fellow passengers who are sitting in a priority seat.__9__ , the priority card does not guarantee a seat. Priority seats may already be occupied by other card holders or travelers with comparable seating needs. In Taiwan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has proposed__10__ regulations to add “people with actual needs” to the priority groups for the available seats. The Taipei MRT reminded the public that it has free stickers for pregnant women and people who are feeling unwell to indicate their needs to sit down.

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 The first Modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece in 1896. __11__ from only thirteen countries participated in the Games that year. In 2012, the biggest ever summer Olympic Games occurred in London, England. This time, people from 204 countries and territories competed in 302 events in twenty-six sports. Although the sports events may change from time to time, five of them have__12__ been in every summer Olympic Games, including track and field, swimming, fencing, cycling, and gymnastics. Other sports have come and gone. For example, figure skating was an event in the summer games of 1908 and 1920, but in 1921, a new decision was made. The Olympic committee decided that sports__13__ ice and snow should have separate games, taking place in the winter. At first, the winter games were held the same year as the summer Olympics, every four years. Now, however, they__14__ , so the winter and summer games are two years apart. Artistic events were also a part of the Olympic Games from 1912 to 1948. There were contests in architecture, music, literature, and painting. Today, some people think that artistic events and games such as chess should be part of the Olympics. However, many people__15__ this idea, and these events are not included. The Olympic Games today are very different from the first Modern Olympic Games in 1896. These differences reflect the changing definition and popularity of sports.