1.向前不穩定 Rowe test 歸位移動測試(負荷移動測試)(load and shift test) 曲柄測試(恐懼測試)(crank test)(apprehension test) 洛克伍德測試(Rockwood test) 普羅茲曼測試(Protzman test) 再復位測試(relocation test) 支點測試(fulcrum test) Flower test 2.向後不穩定 Rowe test 歸位移動測試(負荷移動測試)(load and shift test) 曲柄測試(恐懼測試)(crank test)(apprehension test) 諾伍德測試(Norwood stress test) 彌尼阿希測試(Miniaci test) 推拉測試(push-pull test) 跳動測試(Jerk test) 3.向下不穩定 Rowe test 費金(Feagin)測試 溝現象(sulcus sign)