二、 Organized endeavors directed by people responsible of planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities have existed for thousands of years. The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China are tangible evidence that projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands of people, were undertaken well before modern times. The pyramids are a particularly interesting example. The construction of a single pyramid occupied more than 100,000 people for 20 years. Who told each worker what to do? Who ensured that there would be enough stones at the site to keep workers busy? The answer to such questions is managers. Regardless of what managers were called that time, someone had to plan what was to be done, organize people and materials to do it, lead and direct the workers and impose some controls to ensure that everything was done as planned.