請依下文回答第 31 題至第 35 題: Pirate spiders are members of the spider group that includes all the “orb weavers” – those that make the
prototypical, circular webs we are all familiar with – but they do not make webs. In fact, they have lost the ability.
They can still produce silk, which they use to build egg sacs and wrap prey. But they are anatomically incapable
of spinning a web. The number of silk “spigots” on their spinnerets is dramatically small compared to their
relatives.
Instead, they invade the webs of other spiders, in a bid to lure and then kill the hapless architect. Gently, they
pluck the strings of the web, enticing the host to approach. Once the host spider has ventured close enough, the
pirate makes its move.
First, it encloses its duped prey within its two enormous front legs. These are fringed with massive spines,
called “macrosetae,” which they use to trap the host within a prison-like basket. Then, the final move: the pirate
bites its prey and uses its fangs to inject a powerful venom that instantly immobilises it. It is a powerfully
effective hunting technique.
“It can be riveting to watch a pirate stealthily wandering while waving its long, first pair of legs to narrow in
on the location of the other spider,” says Mark Townley of the University of New Hampshire. “Despite many
hours spent feeding pirates for our studies on spinnerets, I never became jaded by the sight of them searching for
and attacking prey. It was always a marvel to watch. They can wield that first pair of legs so delicately that I’ve
seen them touch prey spiders so lightly without them reacting in any way, not seeming to even notice.”
But we do not yet fully understand how the pirate’s strategy works. In particular, it is not clear why the pirate
spiders pluck the strings of the host spider’s web. It has long been assumed that the plucking mimics the
vibrations caused by an ensnared insect. Hence, the Latin name for pirate spiders: Mimetidae (i.e., imitator).
However, not all entomologists agree that this is what the pirate spiders are doing. “The behaviour of
resident spiders towards pirate spiders and their own prey is quite different, as are the vibrations in the web
caused by these two sources,” says Carl Kloock of California State University Bakersfield. He has an alternative
suggestion. “It seems to me most likely that pirate spiders are mimicking the vibrations of web-invading spiders
of the same species, and possibly spiders of different species,” says Kloock. “A spider on its web needs to defend
its web – a valuable resource – from other spiders, who may try to take over the web to avoid the cost of building
their own web, or simply try to steal prey from the web.”