二·閱讀測驗:: Phosphorus is an important nutrient for crop productivity. More than 60% of the total phosphorus in cereal crops is finally
allocated into the grains and is therefore removed at harvest. This removal accounts for 85% of the phosphorus fertilizers
applied to the field each year. However, because humans and non-ruminants such as poultry, swine and fish cannot digest
phytate, the major form of phosphorus in the grains, the excreted phosphorus causes eutrophication of waterways. A reduction
in phosphorus accumulation in the grain would contribute to sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. Here we
describe a rice transporter, SULTR-like phosphorus distribution transporter (SPDT), that controls the allocation of phosphorus
to the grain. SPDT is expressed in the xylem region of both enlarged- and diffuse-vascular bundles of the nodes, and encodes a
plasma- membrane-localized transporter for phosphorus. Knockout of this gene in rice (Oryza sativa) altered the distribution of
phosphorus, with decreased phosphorus in the grains but increased levels in the leaves. Total phosphorus and phytate in the
brown de-husked rice were 20-30% lower in the knockout lines, whereas yield, seed germination and seedling vigour were not
affected. These results indicate that SPDT functions in the rice node as a switch to allocate phosphorus preferentially to the
grains. This finding provides a potential strategy to reduce the removal of phosphorus from the field and lower the risk of
eutrophication of waterways. From Yamaji et al. 2017, Nature, 541:92-95. 【題組】18. How does SPDT protein performs its function?
(A) It is a vacuolar transporter that store the phosphorus inside cells.
(B)It is a plasma-membrane transporter that load phosphorus into the xylem.
(C) It is a plasma membrane transporter that transport the phosphorus out of the xylem.
(D) It is a plasma membrane transporter that mediates phosphorus uptake into leaf cells.
【非選題】 3. Please find the Gibbs firee energy, enthalpy, and entropy by mixing Ar and H2 at a ratio of
95:5, assuming all starting gases and the gas mixtures are ideal gases at I atm and 298 K.
(20%)