111年 - [無官方正解]111 國立中興大學_碩士班招生考試試題_生物醫學研究所：生物化學#138766

1. The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are (A) ATP, sugar and water (B) ATP, FADH2 and oxygen (C) ATP, NADH, and oxygen (D) ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

2. The first major step of CO₂ fixation into carbohydrates in photosynthesis is catalyzed by (A) rubisco activase (B) ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (C) 3-phosphoglycerate (D) Thioredoxin

3. The rotation of the gamma subunit of the mitochondrial F₁ ATPase requires the presence of (A) a proton motive force or ATP (B) O₂ ADP, and inorganic phosphate (C) Electro carriers (D) NADH (E) proton channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane

4. Which of the following enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis is inhibited by statin? (A) HMG CoA reductase (B) HMG CoA synthase (C) Mevalonate kinase (D) HMG CoA oxidase

5. Which one of the following statements is correct? (A) Fatty acid biosynthesis is a mitochondria function. (B) Fatty acid biosynthesis requires FADH₂ as a cofactor. (C) Fatty acid biosynthesis requires NADH as a cofactor. (D) Fatty acid biosynthesis requires NADPH as a cofactor.

6. Which of the following chemical compounds contains the highest amount of energy that the cell can utilize? (A) GTP (B) ATP (C) NADH (D) FADH₂

7. Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle? (A) porphyrin (B) glutamine (C) creatine (D) purine

8. Which of the following is not the precursor of a purine ring? (A) Glutamine (B) Proline (C) Glycine (D) Aspartate

9. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are absorbed by cells through the process of _______.(A) simple diffusion (B) active transport (C) pinocytosis (D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

10. Salvage pathway is used in the synthesis of _______. (A) Amino acid (B) Carbohydrate (C) Nucleotide (D) Fatty acid

11. The activity of which of the following enzyme is inhibited by the Methotrexate during deoxyribonucleotide synthesis? (A) Dihydrofolate reductase (B) Ribonucleotide reductase (C) Thymidylate synthase (D) CTP synthetase

12. The final metabolic product of purine catabolism in human is (A) NH₄⁺ (B) Xanthine (C) Urea (D) Uric acid

13. Which description about glucose metabolism in tumor is not true? (A) Cancer cells use energy-inefficient glycolysis under adequate oxygen supply. (B) GLUT2(Glucose transporter type 2) is a predominantly expressed isoform in most common cancers. (C) Conversion of pyruvate into lactate is markedly increased. (D) Aerobic glycolysis allows cancer cells to meet the requirements of generating enough ATP and biosynthetic precursors.

14. Which of the following is not true for TCA cycle in eukaryotes? (A) TCA cycle only occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. (B) One molecule of acetyl-CoA can produce two CO₂. (C) One molecule of acetyl-CoA can produce five NADH. (D) One molecule of acetyl-CoA can produce one FADH₂. (E) One molecule of acetyl-CoA can produce one ATP.

15. The proton pump in oxidative phosphorylation creates a gradient of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. What kind of energy is generated with such gradient? (A) Membrane energy (B) Kinetic energy (C) Potential energy (D) Protonic energy

16. Which of the following is not a product of $\beta$-oxidation of fatty-acids yielding acetyl-coA? (A) NADH (B) FADH₂ (C) Malonyl-CoA (D) β-ketoacyl-CoA

17. Which is not the principal components of the plasma membrane? (A) Phospholipids (B) Triacylglycerols (C) Cholesterol (D) Sphingolipids

18. Which is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? (A) Oxygen (B) complex IV (C) coenzyme Q (D) cytochrome C

19. What is Km? (A) The concentration of substrate at which $v=[S]$. (B) The amount of substrate consumed per unit time. (C) The point on the graph at which half the substrate has been consumed. (D) The substrate concentration at which $v=1/2$ Vmax.

20. Which steps in the glycolysis pathway are not reversible? ① enolase ② phosphofructokinase-1 ③ aldolase ④ glucokinase ⑤ pyruvate kinase (A) 245 (B) 234 (C) 125 (D) 345

21. Which of the following is a biological uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation? (A) Antimycin A (B) Oligomycin (C) 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (D) Thermogenin

22. Which of the following organelles is involved in protein glycosylation? (A) Endoplasmic reticulum (B) Nucleus (C) Mitochondria (D) Ribosome

1. N-linked glycosylation is the attachment of an oligosaccharide to the amide nitrogen of an __________ residue of a protein; O-linked glycosylation is the attachment of a sugar molecule to the oxygen atom of __________ or __________ residues in a protein. (3 points)

2. __________ is a hydrophilic quaternary amine. It is essential for the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for subsequent $\beta$-oxidation. (2 points)

III. Short answer questions:
1. A reaction is exergonic does not always take place within a few hours. What is the term that facilitates virtually every cellular chemical reaction to occur in biological system? Please also explain why it can do that, by highlighting at least three characteristics and features. (8 points)

2. Please describe three important structures and roles of the components of eukaryotic cells. (6 points)

(1) Please explain what factors affect protein tertiary structure (6 points).

(2) The second law of thermodynamics says "The level of disorder in the universe is steadily increasing. Systems tend to move from ordered behavior to more random behavior". The degree of randomness or disorder of a system is entropy. Based on the second law, could entropy be a driving force for protein structure? Why or why not. (5 points)

(1) G protein;

(2) GEF (guanine nucleotide exchanger factor)

(3) GAP (GTPase-activating protein).

5. Please explain/illustrate the term "alternative splicing".

6. Please list six major processes for repairing the DNA damage.

7. Please list three epigenetic mechanisms on DNA or histones in regulating eukaryotic gene transcription.