複選題

36. Which statements about selection rules are correct for many transition-metal complexes?
(A) Laporte rule forbids g →g transitions in centrosymmetric complexes
(B) Spin rule forbids transitions that change spin multiplicity
(C) Vibronic coupling can relax Laporte-forbidden transitions
(D) Spin-orbit coupling can relax spin-forbidden transitions
(E) Selection rules make all colored complexes impossible

複選題37. Because boron in organoboranes possesses an empty $p$ orbital, which of the following statements are correct? (A) Organoboranes are strong $\pi$-electron donors toward electrophiles (B) Organoboranes typically behave as Lewis acids and readily accept electron pairs from donors (C) Organoboranes readily form tetrahedral borate species upon reaction with nucleophiles (D) The B-C bond in organoboranes is predominantly ionic (E) The electron-deficient nature of boron makes organoboranes strong Brønsted bases in water

複選題38. Which defects can contribute to electrical conductivity in ionic solids/oxides? (A) Oxygen vacancies (B) Substitutional donor dopants (C) Cation vacancies (acceptors) (D) Perfect stoichiometric lattice always conducts (E) Grain boundaries (in many real ceramics)

複選題39. Which of the following steps correctly occur in the mechanism of Suzuki-Miyaura coupling? (A) Oxidative addition (B) Redox equilibrium (C) Transmetalation (D) Reductive elimination (E) $\beta$-Hydride elimination

複選題40. Which statements about trans vs cis-M(CO)₂L₂ using IR are correct? (A) IR cannot distinguish cis/trans because $\nu(\mathrm{CO})$ is always degenerate (B) Cis/trans distinction can be made by counting $\nu(\mathrm{CO})$ bands in the CO stretching region (C) Trans often shows fewer IR-active $\nu(\mathrm{CO})$ bands than cis (higher symmetry) (D) Raman can sometimes complement IR for assignment (E) The number of observed bands is unrelated to symmetry

1. Which type of chromatography was first invented in the history of chromatography?(A) Adsorption chromatography(B) Gas chromatography(C) Size-exclusion chromatography(D) None of the above

2. Which ionization method is most commonly and suitably used when coupling a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer?(A) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization(B) Electrospray ionization(C) Electron ionization(D) Fast atom bombardment

3. What typically happens if a complex mixture is analyzed using a constant, low column temperature in gas-liquid chromatography?(A) All peaks become sharper(B) High-boiling analytes may not elute or may produce very broad peaks(C) Low-boiling analytes will not elute(D) The detector stops functioning

4. When light enters glass from air, which property of the radiation remains constant?(A) Velocity(B) Wavelength(C) Frequency(D) All of the above

5. Why is population inversion necessary for laser action?(A) It ensures absorption dominates over emission(B) It allows spontaneous emission to exceed stimulated emission(C) It increases the frequency of the emitted photons(D) It ensures more populations are available for stimulated emission than for absorption

6. Echelle gratings are often used in which type of analytical instrument?(A) Simple infrared absorption spectrometers(B) Fluorometers(C) High-resolution atomic emission spectroscopic systems(D) Colorimeters

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