複選題
6. Which physical or chemical factors in the following list can cause DNA mutation?
(A) Heat
(B) Ultra-violet light
(C) Acridine
(D) Nitrous acid
(E) 5-Bromouracil

2.DNA is a structurally dynamic molecule that can exist in a variety of helical forms. Which of the following is/are NOT a known DNA structure? (A) A-DNA (B) B-DNA (C) , C-DNA (D) X-DNA (E) Z-DNA

複選題3. Which of the following enzymes is/are required for DNA replication? (A) Helicase (B) Topoisomerase (C) DNA polymerase (D) DNA ligase (E) Recombinase

複選題4.Which of the following statements about DNA replication is/are CORRECT? (A) 3' to 5' polymerase activity is used to synthesize both strands of DNA (B) DNA replication is semiconservative. (C) DNA polymerase needs a template and a RNA primer to initiate DNA synthesis. (D) Helicase is required to solve the supercoiled structure formed during DNA replication. (E) The 5' to 3' exonuclease proof-reading activity is required maintain the fidelity of DNA replication.

5. The 5' End is potentially lost during replication of linear eukaryotic chromosomal DNA. Which molecules or structures is/are required to prevent the shortening of the 5' end of DNA? (A) DNA gyrase (B) Telomere (C) Telomerase (D) DNA polymerase (E) Helicase

複選題7.Which of the following statements about restriction enzymes is/are CORRECT? (A) Type I restriction enzyme usually cleave DNA within their recognition sequences (B) They are part of a bacterial host defense system to degrade invading viral DNA. (C) Calcium (Ca2+) is typically required for their catalytic activity (D)Cleavage by restriction enzymes can be blocked when a specific base in the recognition site is methylated. (E) Restriction enzymes hydrolyze covalent phosphodiester bonds of the DNA, leaving either "sticky/cohesive" ends or "blunt" ends.

複選題8. Identify the protein modifications present on histones that play a crucial role in the epigenetic regulation of gene functions. (A) Acetylation (B) Methylation (C) Palmitoylation (D) Glutamylation (E) SUMOylation

複選題9. Which of the following statements about transposons is/are CORRECT? (A) Transposons usually contain short inverted terminal repeat sequences. (B) Being named as retrotransposons if RNA intermediates are involved in the transposition. (C) Transposons can cause spread of antibiotic resistance within a bacteria population. (D) Only exist in metazoan genomes (E) Transposases is not necessarily encoded in the transposon.

複選題10. Which of the following statements about transcription is/are CORRECT? (A) Transcription factors function to help move ribosomes along the mRNA. (B) The release of pyrophosphate from a nucleoside triphosphate drive the reaction. (C) RNA is synthesized from the 5' end to the 3' end. (D) Transcription requires the use of primer (E) DNA and RNA base pairing includes A to U and G to C.

複選題11. Which of the following statements about RNA polymerase is/are CORRECT? (A) RNA polymerase I is responsible for producing all rRNA. (B) RNA polymerase II is responsible for producing all mRNA. (C) RNA polymerase III is responsible for producing all tRNA. (D) All three RNA polymerase are located in the nucleoplasm for RNA synthesis functions. (E) All three RNA polymerase are sensitive to the mushroom toxin o-amanitin, which blocks the elongation phase of RNA synthesis.

複選題12.Which of the following elements can be considered as eukaryotic promoters? (A) TATA box (B) CAAT box (C) CpG islands (D) Shine-Dalgarno sequence (E) Okazaki fragments