警察/一般警察/鐵路（三四等、員級）◆英文題庫下載題庫

In New Zealand’s Westland District the closure of the local indigenous timber industry alongside rapid growth of the dairy and tourism sectors has produced dilemmas for families and communities as they attempt to adjust to the social consequences of rapid industry change. Drawing on a social capital perspective and a case study of 12 Westland families, this project examines how rural families bring balance to aspects of the three actions defined by Arendt as being essential to the human condition: family, work and community life. The findings reveal significantinsights into how social capital is effectively reproduced in times of change. These insights are discussed in terms of their social policy implications.

 

在紐西蘭的威士蘭地區，當地原住民木材產業的關閉，加上乳製品和旅遊業的快速增長，使得家庭和社區在試圖適應快速產業變遷的社會後果時，面臨了困境。借鑑社會資本的觀點和對12個威士蘭家庭的案例研究，這個項目探討了鄉村家庭如何在鄂蘭所定義的人的條件中——家庭、工作和社區生活三個方面——取得平衡。研究發現顯示，在變遷時期社會資本如何有效再生產具有重要洞察力。這些發現從其社會政策影響的角度進行了討論。

Fifty years ago Hannah Arendt published The Human Condition. In this work she contended that there are three types of action required to be “fully human.” The first two of these actions, engagement in family life and paid work, are necessary for human existence in contemporary society. The third action she called vita activa, or public life: a life that is actioned within jointly built civil spaces. Within these spaces we are capable of debate, we share actions and we resolve collective dilemmas. Arendt reminds us that the absence of, or over-attention to, any one aspect of the human condition is likely to be problematic.

 

五十年前，漢娜·鄂蘭出版了《人的條件》。在這部作品中，她主張成為「完全的人」需要三種類型的行動。這些行動中的前兩項，即參與家庭生活和有薪工作，在當代社會中對人類的存在是必要的。第三類行動她稱之為「行動的生活」，或者公共生活：一種在共同建構的公共空間中進行行動的生活。在這些空間中，我們能夠進行辯論，分享行動，並解決集體困境。鄂蘭提醒我們，人類條件中任何一個方面的缺乏，或者對其過度關注，可能會帶來問題。

A half a century on from Arendt’s original thesis, public policy continues to debate aspects of vita activa and democratic governments still seek to engage vita activa in economically and socially productive ways. Working out the shifting balance between family life, paid work and vita activa is a crucial aspect of responding effectively to significant social change, be it local issues (such as natural disaster relief) or meeting the challenges that arise as a consequence of external or global forces (such as the loss of a core industry). The concept of social capital has been used as a way to recognise and gauge vita activa.

 

 

距離鄂蘭最初的論文已有半個世紀，公共政策仍在討論vita activa的各個方面，民主政府仍在尋求以經濟和社會生產性方式參與vita activa。調整家庭生活、有薪工作和vita activa之間不斷變動的平衡，是有效應對重大社會變遷的關鍵因素，無論是處理本地問題（如自然災害救援），還是應對外部或全球力量帶來的挑戰（如核心產業的損失）。社會資本的概念被用來認識和評估vita activa。

The term “social capital” originated, in part, in an attempt to understand how features of social organisation, such as trust, norms and networks can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions. Voluntary or joint social actions provide the opportunity to resolve collective dilemmas. Individuals achieve this through the development and use of social bonds and networks as resources to facilitate productive activity. By maintaining the social relationships and structures necessary for collective activity, individuals, families and communities are able to realise some of these benefits, and in doing so can resolve some of the issues they face in common.

 

”社會資本”一詞在某種程度上起源於對社會組織特徵的理解，例如信任、規範和網絡，這些特徵如何通過促進協調行動來提高社會的效率。自願或聯合社會行動提供了解決集體困境的機會。個人通過發展和利用社會關係和網絡作為促進生產活動的資源來實現這一點。通過維護必要的社會關係和結構來進行集體活動，個人、家庭和社區能夠實現其中一些好處，並在此過程中解決一些共同面臨的問題。