1. To break a word into its sounds by tapping out or counting the sounds or by pronouncing and positioning a marker for each sound (e. g. “How many phonemes are there in ship? ” (three: /ʃ/ /ɪ/ /p/)) is referred to the ability of _______.
(A) phoneme isolation
(B) phoneme categorization
(C) phoneme identity
(D) phoneme segmentation

• Phoneme isolation: which requires recognizing the individual sounds in words, for example, "Tell me the first sound you hear in the word paste" (/p/).
• Phoneme identity: which requires recognizing the common sound in different words, for example, "Tell me the sound that is the same in bike, boy and bell" (/b/).
• Phoneme substitution: in which one can turn a word (such as "cat") into another (such as "hat") by substituting one phoneme (such as /h/) for another (/k/). Phoneme substitution can take place for initial sounds (cat-hat), middle sounds (cat-cut) or ending sounds (cat-cap).
• Oral segmenting: The teacher says a word, for example, "ball," and students say the individual sounds, /b/, /ɔː/, and /l/.

Phoneme Isolation:音素分離：學生辨識單字中的單一音素。老師：cap 的第一個音是什麼？學生：cap 的第一個音是 /k/。