1. Which of the following is a significant component of RNA but NOT of DNA?
(A) Adenine
(B) Uracil
(C) Thymine
(D) Guanine
(E) Cytosine

2. Identify the vitamin that originates from cholesterol. (A) Vitamin D (B) Vitamin E (C) Vitamin B12 (D) Vitamin K (E) Vitamin A

3. Which amino acid is called a helix breaker because of its unusual R group that creates a bend in the chain? (A) Histidine (B) Proline (C) Serine (D) Glycine (E) Arginine

4. What is the role of the ribosome in polypeptide elongation during protein translation? (A) Remove the noncoding intron (B) Break hydrogen bonds between the tRNA and the mRNA (C) Travel back and forth between the nucleus and the growing polypeptide, with information on which amino acids should be added (D) Remove incorrectly added amino acids (E) Move along the mRNA transcript bonding amino acids to each other

5. Which word describes the energy-requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors? (A) Amphibolic (B) Autotrophic (C) Catabolic (D) Endergonic (E) Exergonic

6. At physiologic blood pH, what is the primary ionic form of ammonia? (A) N2 (B) NH2 (C) NH3 (D) NH4+ (E) None of the above

7. Which protein structure is affected primarily by hydrogen bonding? (A) Primary structure (B) Secondary structure (C) Tertiary structure (D) Quaternary structure (E) None of the above

8. Which of the following statements regarding muscle contraction is correct? (A) During muscle contraction, the sarcomere elongates. (B) During muscle contraction, the I-band lengthens (C) During muscle contraction, the H-zone becomes shorter (D) During muscle contraction, the A-band extends (E) During muscle contraction, the distance between the Z-line and the M-line increases

9. Which of the following RNA molecules exhibit catalytic activity? (A) mRNA (B) tRNA (C) rRNA (D) miRNA (E) siRNA

10. Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic? (A) Arginine and lysine (B) Lysine and leucine (C) Methionine and serine (D) Tryptophan only (E) Valine and isoleucine

11. Which post-translational modifications can occur in the serine residue of a protein? (A) Glycosylation (B) Lipidation (C) Nitrosylation (D) Ubiquitination (E) All the above

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