10. Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes?

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(A) microvascular injury
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(B) retinopathy
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(C) hypertension
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(D) cardiomyopathy
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(E) renal failure

11. What is the graded change in membrane potential that occurs at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle called? - (A) inhibitory postsynaptic potential - (B) end-plate potential - (C) muscarinic potential - (D) adrenergic potential - (E) action potential

12. During skeletal muscle contraction, multiple crossbridge cycles are occurring between the same thick and thin filament. Which of the following best describes this process? - (A) Crossbridge cycling is highly synchronized between a certain thick and thin filament. - (B) Crossbridge cycling is asynchronous between a certain thick and thin filament. - (C) No more than one myosin head links to the thin filament at the same time. - (D) No more than one myosin head detaches from the thin filament at the same time. - (E) Tropomyosin only exposes one binding site on actin at a time allowing only one crossbridge to form with actin at a given time.

13. Which of the following decreases heart rate? - (A) increase in venous pressure - (B) increase in filling time - (C) increase in sympathetic activity - (D) increase in parasympathetic activity - (E) increase in stroke volume

14. Information about mean arterial pressure is integrated within what area of the central nervous system? - (A) cervical spinal cord - (B) pons - (C) hypothalamus - (D) medulla oblongata - (E) cerebellum

15. Which statement best describes the function of fibrinogen? - (A) It transports lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances. - (B) It primarily affects the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient. - (C) It provides the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes. - (D) It is the key substance in the formation of blood clots. - (E) It aids in the structural form of the erythrocyte.

16. What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli? - (A) It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out. - (B) It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed. - (C) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them. - (D) It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed. - (E) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.

17. Which of the following can increase the concentration of a particular gas in a solution? - (A) Increase the partial pressure of that gas exposed to the solution. - (B) Increase the volume of the container containing the gas and solution. - (C) Increase the volume of the gas only. - (D) Increase the volume of the solution only. - (E) Decrease the concentration of other gases in the solution.

18. During what renal process are molecules selectively removed from the tubule lumen, moved into the interstitial space, and removed from the kidneys by the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta? - (A) filtration - (B) secretion - (C) excretion - (D) reabsorption - (E) absorption

19. Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by - (A) $$\text{HCO}_3^- / \text{Cl}^-$$ countertransporters. - (B) $$\text{Na}^+/\text{HCO}_3^-$$ cotransporters. - (C) conversion to carbon dioxide. - (D) $$\text{HCO}_3^-$$ active transporters. - (E) $$\text{Na}^+/\text{HCO}_3^-$$ countertransporters.

20. Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be ______ before any of the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can be activated. - (A) deacidified - (B) acidified - (C) dehydrated - (D) hydrated - (E) phosphorylated

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